Abortion Essays (322 words) - Abortion, Fertility, Free Essays

Abortion Essays (322 words) - Abortion, Fertility, Free Essays Abortion Many have pondered upon the meaning of abortion. The argument being that every child that is born should be wanted and others who believe that every child that is conceived should be born. The choice of a woman whether or not she wants to conceive a child is called abortion. Abortion preserves a womans constitutional right, relieves the undesired child of future distress, and establishes a peaceful society. Abortion preserves a womans constitutional right. The fourteenth Amendment, personal liberty, gives women the choice of abortion. The unborn child should be the property of the mother. Women should have the ability to choose when to have a child. Taking away this right would be invading a womans constitutional liberty. Abortion relieves the undesired child of future distress. In most cases, the unwanted child is malnourished, has no medical care, and gets little attention or love. This is caused from the mother being very young, inexperienced, or too poor to take care of the child. In addition, the foster care system is inadequate in providing attention, education, and discipline. The child would grow up with improper tools to live in society. Abortion establishes a peaceful society. Due to the child being raised with improper tools, the child would grow to become an unproductive menace to society. These individuals become violent, and lack morality due to the small amount of care they themselves received. Many get involved in drugs and crime. In the end, not only does the child suffer, but also society has to tolerate his violent behavior and crimes. Abortion should remain legalized. If abortion were prohibited, many women would perform illegal abortions. This may do serious harm to the mother and her body. In addition, pregnancy and childbirth can prevent women from getting an education. With the right to choose abortion, women are able to enjoy, like men, the rights to fully use the powers of their minds and bodies. Bibliography none

The Serial Comma is OK with Me

The Serial Comma is OK with Me The Serial Comma is OK with Me The Serial Comma is OK with Me By Maeve Maddox After a lifetime of being wishy-washy about the serial comma, I’ve reached a decision: I’m going to use it all the time. Such a momentous decision is, of course, a deeply personal matter. The pros and cons are widely, frequently, and hotly debated. Here is some information that may enable you to make the decision for yourself, if you haven’t already done so. serial comma: (also Oxford comma) n. a comma used after the penultimate item in a list of three or more items, before and or or (e.g. an Italian painter, sculptor, and architect). Penguin Writer’s Manual. Oxford comma: n. [after the preferred use of such a comma to avoid ambiguity in the house style of Oxford University Press] a comma immediately preceding the conjunction in a list of items. OED Some writers call the Oxford comma the â€Å"Harvard comma.† Heres a sentence with a serial comma: The Three Stooges are Larry, Moe, and Curly. Here it is without a serial comma: The Three Stooges are Larry, Moe and Curly. PRO serial comma The Chicago Manual of Style (2009) When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series, a comma- known as the serial or series comma or the Oxford comma- should appear before the conjunction. Chicago strongly recommends this widely practiced usage, blessed by Fowler and other authorities 6.19 The Elements of Style (2000) In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last. The stated rule seems ambiguous to me, but the examples that follow it are clear: red, white, and blue gold, silver, or copper Gregg Reference Manual (1993) When three or more items are listed in a series, and the last item is preceded by and, or, or nor, place a comma before the conjunction as well as between the other items. CON serial comma   AP Stylebook (2009) Use commas to separate elements in a series, but do not put a comma before the conjunction in a simple series: The flag is red, white and blue. He would nominate Tom, Dick or Harry. AP does allow a comma before and when ambiguity would result without one: Put a comma before the concluding conjunction in a series, however, if an integral element of the series requires a conjunction: I had orange juice, toast, and ham and eggs for breakfast. Penguin Guide to Punctuation (1997) Note also that it is not usual in British usage to put a listing comma before the word and or or itself (though American usage regularly puts one there.) So, in British usage, it is not usual to write The Three Musketeers were Athos, Porthos, and Aramis. On the fence regarding the serial comma Penguin Writer’s Manual (2002) It is becoming more common in British English (and is usual in American English) to place a comma before the and that precedes the final item in a simple list (numbers one, two, three, and four). Fowler’s Modern English Usage (1965) In promoting the use of the serial comma, CMOS observes that the usage is â€Å"blessed by Fowler† among other authorities. However, when I looked up the topic in Fowler (1965 edition) I found this remark, which seems neutral at best: The more usual way of punctuating such an enumeration as was used as an example in the preceding section is French, German, Italian and Spanish; the commas between French and German and German and Italian take the place of ands; there is no comma after Italian because, with and, it would be otiose [having no practical function; redundant; superfluous]. There are, however, some who favour putting one there, arguing that, since it may sometimes be needed to avoid ambiguity it may as well be used always for the sake of uniformity. So there you have it. My choice is to travel the path of otiosity for the sake of uniformity. What’s yours? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withComma Before ButWhile vs. Whilst

Reading and Writing about Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading and Writing about Research - Essay Example Writing about what you read in a peer-review article is challenging because copying author`s thoughts is a simple plagiarism while paraphrasing ideas without losing general sense is quite complicated. Making text coherent and readable is another barrier in writing. It is important to remember that the essay must include smooth transitions, linking words to be comprehensive. Moreover, it is necessary to not only paraphrase the material but also analyze it which requires critical thinking. Gaining more experience is probably the only effective method in working with peer-reviewed articles. The more you read, analyze, and see how the text is structured, the easier it is to get used to original articles and their peculiar manner of information presentation. The more you write reviews on such articles the more coherent and precise your language becomes. However, it is also important to develop attention to details and check up all the references to understand the article

Nice Work David Lodge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nice Work David Lodge - Essay Example Romantic idealism and individualism are abandoned ,and make room for materialist philosophies and realism ,art and imagiantion become "capitalist " in the sense that their aspirations resemble those of capitalist economy , the novelist immitating mass production in his work , both Balzac and Zola , for example being the authors of very voluminous works , La Comdie Humaine and Les Rougon Macquart , which through the great number of characters and through the very careful and faithful representation of society as a whole , attempt to give a total and faultless view of immediate reality . This aspiration towards production and representation , rather than towards creation is perhaps the central aspect of the nineteenth century literature .This aspect influnced thus , in the first place, literary production in what regards its form - prose and the novel , most of all , became predominant , as compared to poetry . This is very well illustrated in the fate of the poet who is the central fi gure of Illusions Perdues , Lucien , whose temperament and destiny could very well be that of any of the Romantic geniuses and , a destiny which is also greatly responsible for the title of the novel - as it is filled with dissilusionment , a term that very well describes the epoch of realism , where the illusions of genius and artisic merit are constantly baffled by the rules of a mediocre society , where noblity , political interests , social status , all prevail upon the true qualities of the individual . Realism in France was , as Victorian literature in England , to a great extent the product of a whole range of scientific , social , political and economical transformations that took place in the nineteenth century. These transformations regard first of all industralization and the beggining of technological and scientific progress , the expansion of education , of mass media , all decisively bringing the human race itself into focus , giving it confidence in its own power . These transformations affect on the one hand , the political scene of the age , where the same orientation towards mass culture is observed , through the attempts to change the form of government from the absolute monarchy to the republic , wherethe social classes could be abolished .Thus , in France , the lapse of time between the French Revolution in 1789 until 1900 , is characterized by periodical political shifts between two alternative forms of government monarchy to republic and back to monarchy again . T hese political shifts were the cause of great struggles among the social classes of the time, between the nobility and the bourgeoisie , most of all .This struggle is clearly illustrated in Balzac's Illusions perdues , where Lucien Chardon or Lucien du Rubempre , the name he takes in the pursuit of his ambitious designs to attain fame and a high social status through his talent and genius as a poet.In the first part of the novel , Balzac depicts the provincial lives of the " two poets " and friends , at the same time , Lucien Chardon , the

Women in Medicine Essay Example for Free

Women in Medicine Essay One of the reasons why there was so much opposition to women becoming doctors was because society expected women to marry young and produce children. The thought of women working shocked many as people did not expect their daughters or wives to work for a living. The men believed that it was them who were superior, both physically and mentally. They did not see sense in educating women as they believed that women were too stupid to understand medicine anyway. They assumed that they could not trust these women with patients’ lives and accept that they would not make silly mistakes which could lead to the death of the patient. Any woman that succeeded in becoming a doctor was still thought of as inferior to the men because they believed she would not be able to understand their complex minds. This opposition also could have been due to the reputation of nurses in the first half of the nineteenth century. With no sense of professionalism, the nurses were nearly always drunk and dirty which encouraged the men to believe that all women would be the same if they were to enter the world of medicine. Nurses often took up prostitution to earn extra money therefore further disgusting men and making them believe that it was not a sensible idea for a respectable woman to enter the occupation. So even the women who were genuinely interested in becoming professional doctors would have been excluded and labelled under the same category as these nurses. Another reason may have been that men simply did not like being told what to do by women. If intelligent women were to enter the profession, they may make important discoveries before the men therefore hurting a man’s pride and ego. Men may have felt threatened by women that they thought were trying to usurp the profession, and therefore dismissed them as stupid and unprofessional so that they could ensure that it was only them who made great discoveries. Finally, religion was an important reason as to why there was opposition from men. The church prohibited women from achieving education and therefore many religious men may have excluded women because they were following the church’s rules and their religion. If they allowed women to receive medical training, they would have been going against the Church which was very powerful in the Middle Ages.

managing global Essay examples -- essays research papers

Assignment 1 Managing from a global perspective requires managers to pay close attention to factors in the external environment, which may affect an organisation's success. It may be, however, that factors in the internal environment will also influence success in a global environment. It is important for global managers to be familiar with the factors of the external environment and pay close attention to the management of the internal environment because factors from both the internal and external environments will most certainly influence the success of an organisation. Most importantly, managers may need to strategically optimise the internal environment for the specific properties of the external environment in which they operate. The performance of an organisation may not be exceptional unless management of the internal environment, or the conditions existing within the organisation, is fully optimized for the external environment. As a global manager, paying close attention to the external environment is a prerequisite. The external environment is the different forces outside the organisation able to impact on the success of the organisation. The external environment in new and different countries may have elusive properties such as technology, social systems, politics, currency, and tax which the global manager need to consider and analyse. External forces such as the social and political systems are of particular importance as they are the ones most likely to influence an organisation's success. Therefore these are the main factors to which managers should pay close attention so as to "understand the constraints under which they operate and the opportunities that exist" (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, 2000, 141). By studying the specific political and social systems of a particular external environment managers can use their understanding of these systems to their advantage and develop exception al strategies based on their understanding. For instance, in some countries such as the Peoples Republic of China, one must be willing to 'open the back door if the front one is closed', in other words, managers need to understand the "importance of guanxi (connections) in doing business in China"(Robbins et al). Managers working from a global perspective not only need to know the different laws, tradi... ...ically integrated management decisions, especially when undertaking operations in new and different environments. The rapid spreading of telecommunications technology is a major influence affecting the compatibility of the external environment with the internal environment of an organisation. Through the use of technology in telecommunications and through paying close attention to the external environment, an organisation can operate and function as an open system and as a result the internal environment of the organisation can be optimized for compatibility with the external environment and exceptional organisational performance may be achieved. REFERENCES: Robbins, S. Bergman, R., Stagg, I. And Coulter, M. (2000). Management. 2nd ed., Sydney, Prentice Hall. pp.140-150 Daft, R. L. (2001) Management, 5th ed., Sydney, Dryden press.pp.187-220 Bartol, K., Martin, D., Tein, M. And Matthews, G. (2001). Management: A pacific Rim Focus, Roseville, McGraw-Hill. pp42-63 Davidson, P. And Griffin, R. W. (2000). Management: Australia in a Global Context, Brisbane, John Wiley & Sons. pp. 37-54 Fulop, L. And Linstead, S. (1999). Management: A Critical Text, Melbourne, McMillan. pp. 48-65

Importance of Japanese Language Essay

The importance of Japanese language is spoken by over one-hundred forty million in Japan alone and is also a natural second language for people in Chinese and Korean speaking countries. Despite Japan’s growth being out shined by neighbor countries like China and India. Japan is still has the second largest economy in world following China. Japanese is part of the Altaic languages (which includes Turkish, Tungusic, Mongolian, and Korean) spoken in the early Transcaspian steppe country over four to five thousands years ago. Early Japanese continued to evolve into it’s current form until over a thousand years ago when the Japanese people started recording their language through poetry and other writings. The importance of Japanese is beneficial regardless if you do it for fun or for your career or even just for personal travel. Several reason exists for how importance of Japanese language is in the grand scheme of things. One reason is that knowing Japanese bringing various business opportunities worldwide as well as being a gateway to learning and understanding other Asian languages and cultures. Japanese presence and culture are growing all over the world as well online. Japanese is also one of the most extensive in it’s use of politeness and honor as well as any other form of expression. Studying Japanese should be a in trying something different and joining one of the great languages of the world. Even if you plan to travel to Japan or just a casual traveler. Minimal understanding of the importance of Japanese will make it easier when traveling around Japan. Common every things like road and shop signs that are written in Japanese. Even when ordering food in a restaurant or communicating with your waiter or waitress or other locals in the restaurant will greatly improve your experience of your travels. A critical challenge to remember is that of vocabulary. Having used different books and courses to learn to read Japanese I found several to be of benefit. Japan is an very resourceful country for being so isolated. Japan files nearly four-hundred thousand patent applications every year in such fields as optical media, semiconductor manufacturing, industrial robotics, and fermentation process. Innovation as made the Japanese world leaders when it comes to technological advancements. Japan has a growing industry of exporting automobiles and other manufacturing goods. But Japan passes China in economic output but still second to the United States in GDP. With the increasing manufacturing strength of Japan can only stress the importance of the Japanese in opening doors of employment in pretty much any occupations. Learning any language can only improve your chance of success in today’s difficult job market. When trying to uncover the importance of Japanese language one cannot discover a more fascinating and challenging language to learn. All languages change over time and Japanese is no different. To genuinely understand the importance of Japanese language you need to learn the language yourself so you can receive the full benefit of this amazing language. In fact, latest research as shown that learning a second language helps fight against Alzheimer’s disease and slows down the aging effects of the brain. Talk about the Importance of language in action!

Benefit of Smoking

BENEFIT OF SMOKING 1. Smoking lowers risk of knee-replacement surgery While smokers might go broke buying a pack of cigarettes, they can at least save money by avoiding knee-replacement surgery. Surprising results from a new study have revealed that men who smoke had less risk of undergoing total joint replacement surgery than those who never smoked. The study, from the University of Adelaide in Australia, appears in the July issue of the journal Arthritis & Rheumatism. What could be the connection? Knee-replacement surgery was more common among joggers and the obese smokers rarely jog and they are less likely to be morbidly obese.After controlling for age, weight and exercise, the researchers were at a loss to explain the apparent, albeit slight protective effects of smoking for osteoporosis. It could be that the nicotine in tobacco helps prevent cartilage and joint deterioration. 2. Smoking lowers risk of Parkinson's disease Numerous studies have identified the uncanny inverse rela tionship between smoking and Parkinson's disease. Long-term smokers are somehow protected against Parkinson's and its not because smokers die of other things earlier. The most recent, well-conducted study was published in a March 2010 issue of the journal Neurology.Far from determining a cause for the protective effect, these researchers found that the number of years spent smoking, more so than the number of cigarettes smoked daily, mattered more for a stronger protective effect. Harvard researchers were among the first to provide convincing evidence that smokers were less likely to develop Parkinson's. In a study published in Neurology in March 2007, these researchers found the protective effect wanes after smokers quit. And they concluded in their special scientific way that they didn't have a clue as to why. 3.Smoking lowers risk of obesity Smoking — and, in particular, the nicotine in tobacco smoke — is an appetite suppressant. This has been known for centuries, d ating back to indigenous cultures in America in the pre-Columbus era. Tobacco companies caught on by the 1920s and began targeting women with the lure that smoking would make them thinner. A study published in the July 2011 issue of the journal Physiology ; Behavior, in fact is one of many stating that the inevitable weight gain upon quitting smoking is a major barrier in getting people to stop, second only to addiction.The relationship between smoking and weight control is complex: Nicotine itself acts as both a stimulant and appetite suppressant; and the act of smoking triggers behavior modification that prompts smokers to snack less. Smoking also might make food less tasty for some smokers, further curbing appetite. As an appetite suppressant, nicotine appears to act on a part of the brain called the hypothalamus, at least in mice, as revealed in a study by Yale researchers published in the June 10, 2011 issue of the journal Science. No respectable doctor would recommend smoking for weight control, given the toxic baggage accompanying cigarettes.This recent Yale study, however, does offer an inkling of hope for a safe diet drug to help obese people control their appetites. 4. Smoking lowers risk of death after some heart attacks Compared with non-smokers, smokers who have had heart attacks seem to have lower mortality rates and more favorable responses to two kinds of therapy to remove plaque from their arteries: fibrinolytic therapy, which is basically medication; and angioplasty, which removes the plaque by inserting balloons or stents into the arteries. There's a catch, though.The reason why smokers have heart attacks is that smoke scars the arteries, allowing fat and plaque to build up in the first place. So, one theory as to why smokers do better than non-smokers after such therapies is that they are younger, experiencing their first heart attack approximately 10 years before the non-smoker. A study published in an August 2005 issue of the American Hea rt Journal, however, states that age alone is not enough to fully explain the survival differences and that â€Å"the smoker's paradox is alive and well. † No alternative theories have been put forth since. 5. Smoking helps the heart drug clopidogrel work betterClopidogrel is a drug used to inhibit blood clots for those patients suffering from coronary artery disease and other circulatory diseases leading to strokes and heart attacks. Smoking seems to help clopidogrel do its job better. A study by Korean researchers in the October 2010 issue of the journal Thrombosis Research builds upon work by Harvard researchers published in 2009 that demonstrates the benefit of smoking at least 10 cigarettes a day. It seems that something in cigarette smoke activates certain proteins called cytochromes, which convert clopidogrel into a more active state.Again, no respectable doctor is encouraging patients to start smoking to get the most out of clopidogrel. But this and the other four â⠂¬Å"benefits† of smoking reveal how tobacco — perhaps not unlike other potentially toxic plants — might contain certain chemicals of real therapeutic value. 6. Smoking Relieves Stress This is the most common thing you hear from smokers about the benefits of smoking. This is because cigarettes create a myriad of conditions that help the body deal with anxiety, stress, and depression. 7. Smoking Relaxes Your BreathingThe way you breathe when you smoke helps your body relax and calm down. For people who have panic attacks or stress problems, Doctors recommend patients practice a sort of breathing called relaxation breathing. Among other things, it involves taking a deep breath into the lungs and holding it in for a second or two before exhaling. This is exactly like the act of smoking. This kind of breathing slows your heart rate and relieves tension in your muscles, especially your neck and upper back, which tense up in stressful situations. 8. Outside Smoke Breaks Calm You DownIf you go outside for smoke breaks, this simple act can really help you deal with your stress. Say if you’re in a fight with your spouse or close to the deadline on a major project for work, leaving the house or office to step outside for a smoke break helps you deal with the stress. * You get a break from your stressor * You get into the open and fresh air * You leave the stressful environment * You have time to think about your problems from an objective point of view   * The nature and sky outside helps your mind calm down and relax 9.Nicotine is an Anxiety and Depression Medication The nicotine in cigarettes is also a major factor of stress relief. Nicotine is a chemical which mildly and temporarily stops the feelings of anxiety and depression. After an inhale of cigarette smoke, the nicotine reacts in your brain chemistry within seven seconds. Nicotine makes the brain feel better, and stops the chain reaction anxiety and depression can have within the bra in. It is no surprise that 1/3 of nicotine addicts claim to have depression or anxiety problems. Cigarettes are a great form of self medication.

Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essays

Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essays Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essay Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essay In this assignment I am going to explain possible influences on dietary intake, assess how influences on dietary intake may affect the nutritional health of individuals, then I will make realistic recommendations for minimising negative influences on individuals in a specific health and social care setting. Factors what influence what people eat include could be health factors which restrict dietary choices and nutritional intake could be underlying health conditions such as; lactose intolorence where dairy products within the diet is restricted, so the person will have to get calcium from other products like fish- and also use alternatives for milk like soya or rice milk. The person could have a food allergy like a nut allergy so this means they cant eat products that contain nuts or traces of nuts. Dietary habits can infucence could be ones like meal patterns- if they work shift patterns then this could have a big infuence on the times the person eats food because they wont have consistant meal times and be eating at all different times of the day. Snacking could be another factor because they may get bored waiting for food to cook and decide to snack this could lead to putting on weight, also food availablity- if they live in a area that is surrounded by takeaways; they will want to go and eat a takeaway rather than cook as it is easier. This fits into lifestyle; the person might not live near a gym and live near lots of unhealthy places, they could live near a deprived area and may not want to go for a run to get excersice; they may also go out a lot with friends (social eating and drinking) these all have an impact on a persons health. A persons occupation is a factor- if someone has a job that requires sitting at a desk, they arent getting much excersise and will gain weight, however- if their job is being a fitness trainer or a football coach, then they will get consistant excersice. The economical climate is a big factor as wages have stayed the same and the price of food and drinks has gone up, and also access to shops- the person may not have a car or the funds spare to get a bus, and if their corner shop raises its prices of food then the person will have to pay for them as they cant afford to get a bus or a taxi. They may not be able to afford healthy food and processed foods are often cheaper (like pizza and microwave meals) so it is easier. If a person has cultural beliefs- if they are a vegetarian or a vegan, this can affect their dietry choices as they will only want to eat non-meat products/non-animal produce, and often these products are more expensive. Education has a big impact on heath factors, as many people havent been educated on what nutrition labels mean so they dont understand what is on the label. If a person is lactose intolerent, then they wont be able to eat or drink products that have dairy products and the natural sugar (that is found in milk- it is added to foods), they wont be able to eat cream, cheese, yoghurt, biscuits and chocolate, and many breakfast cereals. This can affect their intake because lactose is often used for energy as well as it helps to absorb a number of minerals such as calcium and magnestium so deficiencies can start. This means that they wont be getting enough calcium (high in dairy products etc) or magnesium in their diet- this can lead to brittle bones, weak bones and teeth, calcium also aids the stopping of blood clots. If a person choses a lifestyle of living on their own; this can have a major impact on their nutritional health because if they live on their own; it is easier to have a takeaway or a microwave meal than to cook a portion of food for themselves, which requires washing up. It is faster to cook a meal in the microwave or order some food from the takeaway. It is also more expensive to put food in the fridge, which if the person isnt in a lot due to working then this could mean wasting money on food going off and not getting used when only one person is in. They wont have fruit and vegetables in as these will also go off and is it also a waste of money. This could lead to a high bmi, high cholestrol, and lead to the person being overweight. They will not be getting a balanced diet or following the eat well plate to stay healthy. There are several ways to reduce the negative influences that impact on a persons diet; if a person is lactose intolerant, they can still get calcium and magnesium as they can take lactose subsititute to help in digestion. If a person smokes, and they are smoking instead of eating, then this means that they arent having a balanced diet or getting all the nutrients they need- the person could cut down smoking and eat more meals when hungry instead of replacing meals for cigerettes. A person who lives on their own could also get healthier meals in that can be cooked in the oven for a short period of time- they could look online on what the traffic light labels mean and ensure if they are eating microwave meals then they are high in energy and low in salt and fat. If they work shift patterns, then they should ensure the food that they do eat (if it is late at night), that it is healthy and that they dont just go to the chipshop because it is easier, they should take soup or a pasta salad, not only will it give them lots of energy which is a slow release, it is healthier.

A Guide to Vertical Lists

A Guide to Vertical Lists A Guide to Vertical Lists A Guide to Vertical Lists By Mark Nichol A recent post described how to organize and format in-line lists, those that occur within a sentence. This one explains the proper use of vertical lists, which are organized by setting the items on the list (following an introductory phrase or sentence), apart from each other, distinguished by numbers, letters, or other symbols, on consecutive lines. Vertical lists are best employed in place of in-line lists when the list is long and/or the items consist of longer phrases or even complete sentences (or even more than one sentence). However, vertical lists are often useful in contexts in which guidance or instruction is being offered, though they are most effective when they are concise, and extended list items are not advised. If list items consist of more than one sentence, the information might be better displayed as regular text. The following vertical list (too simple to be formatted as such but used here for illustrative purposes), is offered as a basic example: The colors of the American flag are red, white, and blue. (Note: This and other correct lists in this post are formatted in boldface.) Just as is the case with an in-line list, if one or more items in a vertical list itself requires a comma, each item should be set off from the others by a semicolon. Note that despite the vertical-list formatting, because the introductory phrase and the list constitute a syntactically organized sentence, the introductory phrase is not punctuated, but terminal punctuation follows the final item. (Some publishers, however, simplify this format by omitting especially the conjunction and perhaps the commas as well.) However, compare the previous example with a version in which the introductory phrase constitutes a complete independent clause: The colors of the American flag are as follows: red white blue Here, the introductory phrase and the list do not constitute a sentence, so the list items are not punctuated. Terminal punctuation is included, however, and first word of each list item is capitalized, if the items are themselves self-contained sentences: Although the colors of the American flag did not have any official meaning when it was designed, the colors on the Great Seal represent the following virtues: White signifies purity and innocence. Red signifies hardiness and valor. Blue signifies vigilance, perseverance, and justice. Note how the sentences in the list are organized consistently. In the following examples, the list items must be revised to make the list syntactically consistent: According to our survey, the top three factors are lax enforcement of budgets and savings being spent in other areas, invalid savings assumptions or changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings, and realized savings are not being effectively tracked. Note how the first two items follow the syntactical structure of the introductory phrase but the third one is an independent clause. The list can be rendered consistent in two ways: According to our survey, the top three factors are lax enforcement of budgets and savings being spent in other areas, invalid savings assumptions or changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings, and ineffective tracking of realized savings. According to our survey, these are the top three factors: Budget enforcement is lax and savings are being spent in other areas. Savings assumptions are invalid or there are changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings. Realized savings are not being effectively tracked. Avoid producing vertical lists in which to or more list items begin with the same word or words, as in this example: In this session, you will learn how to get business processes and systems to scale to business growth, how to build out a financial team to drive and support growth, how to build these important pillars within an audit/business controls mind-set, and securing/managing financing to support corporate growth strategy. To revise, incorporate the recurring word or phrase into the introductory phrase and revise any list items that begin with different wording so that they conform with the others, as shown here: In this session, you will learn how to get business processes and systems to scale to business growth, build out a financial team to drive and support growth, build these important pillars within an audit/business controls mind-set, and secure/manage financing to support corporate growth strategy. Note, too, that any symbol may be used in place of bullets, but the same symbol should be employed throughout not only a single vertical list but also all such lists throughout a document or publication. If one or more items in a vertical list marked by bullets are followed by subsidiary items of their own, a distinct symbol (such as a hollow bullet) should be used for those items, which should also be indented farther than the primary list items. Sometimes, no symbols are used at all, but this strategy is best employed if the items are brief and numerous, such as in a vocabulary list consisting of one- or two-word items. (In addition, a vertical list in which items are short can be formatted into two or more narrow columns if the width of the printed or online page is wide enough to accommodate them.) Also, numbers and letters may be substituted for bullets, but numbers are recommended only when the items in the list should be read in a particular order, such as when outlining a procedure or ranking the list items. Letters are appropriate primarily for multiple-choice test items, for example, or when the text includes frequent cross-references such as â€Å"See item d.† A basic outline-style vertical list can be organized using a simple hierarchy of Arabic numerals and lowercase letters. For a complex outline, the recommended hierarchy of numbers and letters varies according to various style manuals and writing handbooks, but The Chicago Manual of Style advises the following sequence: Roman numerals (I, II, III, and so on), capital letters (A, B, C, and so on), Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on), lowercase letters (a, b, c, and so on) followed by a close parenthesis, Arabic numerals enclosed in parentheses, lowercase letters enclosed in parentheses, and lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, and so on) followed by a close parenthesis. Another outline format is the decimal outline, as shown below (appropriate indentation not used here): 1. 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.2.1 . . . 1.3 1.3.1 . . . 2. 2.1 . . . Ultimately, the goal of any list organization is clarity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! 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Corporate Governance Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Governance Law - Assignment Example According to Turnbull (1999, p. 189), corporate governance is defined as executive procedures and structural organization that is used to manage and direct business towards ensuring financial stability and achievement of objectives. Corporate governance is concerned with the relationship among the Board of Directors, minority shareholders, controlling shareholders, and the management. The history of corporate governance dates back to the nineteenth century when there was increasing emergence of limited liability companies in Europe and America (Klapper and Love, 2003, p. 28). Since then, the system has increased in prominence in many countries across the world because it has proved to contribute to sustainable economic development and the performance of companies. Minow (2002, p. 16) notes that the principles of corporate governance provide the framework for the following: disclosure and transparency, the role of non- financial stakeholders, the Board of Directors responsibilities, r ights of shareholders and other stakeholders and their equal treatment. OECD (2005) states that corporate governance law is at the core of corporate governance and further argue that it provides basis for various aspects of corporate governance hence making it effective. Corporate governance law provides framework for intellectual property, litigation, mergers and acquisitions, and other vital decisions that relate to corporate governance (Minnow, 2002, p. 71). ... Importance of Corporate Governance Before comparing and contrasting Anglo- American model and European model of corporate governance, it is crucial to understand why corporate governance is important and relevant to countries and companies. According to Bhagat and Bolton (2008, p. 260), numerous studies have shown that corporate governance plays an important role in facilitating and guiding the development processes of countries and organizations towards achievement of their objectives. Klapper and Love (2003, p. 33) argue that even though corporate governance is important for all the countries regardless of their social and economic status, the concept is more crucial in achieving public policy objectives in emerging market countries. Good corporate governance is essential in reducing the vulnerability of emerging market to financial crises, contributes to capital market development, reduces cost of capital and transaction costs, and reinforces property rights (La Rocca, 2007, p. 31 2). Basically, corporate governance is critical in addressing the issue of integrity especially regarding how the management and board of companies are discharging their duties. Apart from that, corporate governance provides the basis for setting up regulatory entity; it allows an organization to introduce regulation and oversee the proper implementation of the regulation. Additionally, this concept is vital in enhancing the institutions’ remunerations and financial policies which enable institutions to make profits and prevent the institutions from effects of financial crises (OECD, 2005). According to Minow (2002, p. 30), strong corporate governance practices significantly increase productivity,

Essay question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Question - Essay Example agricultural plantations (coffee, sugar, tobacco, cotton, and cocoa fields), in silver and gold mines, in the shipping and construction industries, and as house slaves. These Africans work without pay as indentured servants (euphemistically termed as apprentices for life). Certain kinds of work determine the gender of slaves sold and transported. For jobs in textile factories or in the home and large plantations (the Brazilian term for this is fazenda); for example, textile factories required more men than women slaves, while the fazenda needed more female slaves due to the large amount of spinning and weaving work; most fazendas were in northeastern parts of Brazil (van Voss et al. 96). Slaves in rural areas were treated much worse, tranforming them into beasts as conditions were very bad indeed it was considered as a living hell for slaves (Conrad 71). City slaves in Brazil were thrown into mass graves, without any individual identification. Africa became a wasteland as many men and women were forcibly taken from their families; this in turn led to a marked decline in African culture as people lost contact with their heritage and traditions. Additionally, whole tribes and societies were practically wiped out, especially those Africans living near th e coastal areas, although white traders penetrated to the interior also to capture additional black slaves. Most of the Founding Fathers acknowledged the inherent conflict between slavery and ideals of liberty and equality; however, they were also realistic in their views that America cannot survive without slave labor, especially in the large plantations of the South. It was a compromise they reached to preserve the integrity and independence of the new nation. A crucial provision for emancipation passed during the Continental Congress was abandoned and rejected to appease the Founding Fathers from the South who were slave owners. Manifest Destiny was an attempt by the American politicians to formulate a foreign