Harford Bicycle Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Harford Bicycle Planning - Assignment Example Frame comprises of a populace of 262,000 people with a close to 50/50 sex proportion. No specific burnning propensities were distinguished through investigations relating to very regionalized social propensities in Hull. It is an understanding that specific geological highlights and intrinsic scene inspirations will decide some customer conduct, anyway without this information this showcasing capacity looks for mass market bid by means of a deliberate IMC battle. In this city, the framework for this movement is available, the inspirations and motivating forces are a missing segment. Utilizing substantial ideas of human conduct, target markets were recognized as subsections: Since no recognizable model of buyer target qualities could be distinguished, this division approach speaks to an adjusted affirmation of the FCB Planning Model and the Elaboration Likelihood Model of purchaser dynamic. Taking into evaluation the history and structure of Hull, these business sectors correspond with the topographical vicinity of Halford’s item wholesalers and can be focused through mass-centered interchanges over an efficient timeframe. The idea isn't tied in with having similar effect asserts about Halford’s inward brand dependence and associations, situating Halford’s is recognizing its qualities and shortcomings that are well on the way to be available in the nearby condition. Halford’s as of now alludes to itself as much like a merchant when alluding to its item choice, in this manner making it serious through its item. Halford’s requires a repositioning throughout this mid year time span that gives the business an exemplified picture. It is decision of value situating as a way of life pioneer for key markets with a beneficial way of life as a head deals association. Quality. It communicates in an alternate language relying upon the objective

In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Essay - 7

In fund, chance is best decided in a portfolio setting. Is this genuine Why - Essay Example This paper takes a contention to demonstrate that individual stock can't permit financial specialists to help passing judgment on the general hazard related with speculation on shares. A basic analysis setting will likewise be presented in the paper later on to legitimize the contention in regards to chance being made a decision about better in an arrangement of stocks. It won't be erroneous to express that financial specialists of securities exchange are straightforwardly connected with the hazard which isn't avoidable. These dangers can be variable in types, for example, momentary hazard or portfolio chance. For the focal point of this paper, portfolio chance is being examined in a relevant way. It ought to be noticed that portfolio hazard is generally low in agreement to the developments inside the financial exchange. Thus, the procedure or idea of total is considered for ascertaining hazard related with an advantage or for esteeming an organization. It is because of this explanation that singular financial specialists are recommended to deal with their portfolio chance on the grounds that their individual exchanges are totaled. This indicates speculators will in general broaden their benefits so as to pass judgment on the danger of security (Brealey, et al., 2010). It isn't being demonstrated here that by taking a total of the danger of in a portfolio can dispense with hazard. Arrangement of stock permits the speculators to comprehend the related hazard in understanding of variety in all degrees of the market. There is a hidden condition related with portfolio hazard. In actuality, hazard can be best decided in a portfolio setting, as enhanced stocks can have diminished hazard. The fundamental condition is that the arrival which is gotten by the financial specialists is short of what one. For this situation, it is expressed that expansion will stay useful or the financial specialists (Brealey, et al., 2010). Hazard or deliberate hazard is interlinked with the progressions that may happen in the market. The hazard is

New Student Photo Series 2010 Post #27 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 â€" Post #27 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We are wrapping up our last week of incoming photos from new students . . . enjoy this last week, hard to believe Orientation is next Monday! The first set of photos come from Emily Eller, an incoming MIA student. ___________________________ These three photos were taken in The Gambia where I live. I took the first two photos near the Sukuta Mosque on Tobaski day in 2007 and 2006 respectively. Tobaski is a day of prayer and celebration. The little boy is Kaderi Janneh and the other men are his uncles. I think he looks so sweet in his sunglasses! Everyone gets a new outfit for Tobaski but Kaderi gets new sunglasses every year too. ___ The last photo is of Awa Bojang, durring her Kolio or the naming ceremony for her child. This was Awas first child and they had a huge party for her. She wore 9 different dresses during the ceremony. I think this one is particularly striking because of all the gold. The photo was taken inside her home in Gunjur. __________________________ The next set are from Rabayah Akhter, an incoming MIA student. __________________________ I took the first picture in the summer of 2005 on a visit to Pakistan with my family. It is literally the prettiest place Ive ever been. this is Saiful Muluk lake in Naran, a part of Kaghan valley in northern Pakistan which was particularly hard-hit by a devastating earthquake only a few months later. (also Ive never had fresher tasting fish in my life than from this area.) The second photo was taken during my favorite part of the day (while I was a Peace Corps volunteer in Mali) before sunset when the women would be on their way home from a long day of washing laundry in the bani river. 2 years of watching them, Im still flabbergasted at the amount of weight they could balance atop their heads without so much as a grimace. The third photo is one I had a friend take of me in my patriotic Malian outfit. Malians love expressing themselves through their clothes so i fit right in! The Malian markets were flooded with Obama t-shirts, belt buckles, watches, boxers and even Michelle Obama had was depicted on Malian fabric. The last photo is one of my favorites . . . though I guess artistically, it isnt saying much. Malians are, on the whole, devout Muslims. This is a picture of boatmen praying in a makeshift mosque (made on the sand-ish shore of where the Bani River should be, if there were more rain) . . . I like to think, as a Muslim myself, that this is all it takes to make a place of worship: a cleared-out space to pray, nothing fancy.

Health Risks Associated With Chromium-6

Chromium-6 is recognized as a human carcinogen when it is inhaled. Chronic inhalation of chromium-6 has been shown to increase the risk of lung cancer and may also damage the small capillaries in kidneys and intestines. Other adverse health effects associated with chromium-6 exposure, according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), include skin irritation or ulceration, allergic contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, nasal irritation and ulceration, perforated nasal septa, rhinitis, nosebleed, respiratory irritation, nasal cancer, sinus cancer, eye irritation and damage, perforated eardrums, kidney damage, liver damage, pulmonary congestion and edema, epigastric pain, and erosion and discoloration of ones teeth. An Occupational Hazard NIOSH considers all chromium-6 compounds to be potential occupational carcinogens. Many workers are exposed to chromium-6 during the production of stainless steel, chromate chemicals, and chromate pigments. Chromium-6 exposure also occurs during work activities such as stainless-steel welding, thermal cutting, and chrome plating. Chromium-6 in Drinking Water The potentially adverse health effects of chromium-6 in drinking water have become an issue of growing concern nationwide. In 2010, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) tested tap water in 35 U.S. cities and found chromium-6 in 31 of them (89 percent). Water samples in 25 of those cities contained chromium-6 at concentrations higher than the safe maximum (0.06 parts per billion) proposed by California regulators, but far below the safety standard of 100 ppb for all types of chromium combined that was established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). That doesnt mean the EPA was declaring drinking water with a chromium-6 safe for human consumption. Rather, it underscored the lack of confirmed knowledge and clear guidelines concerning the level at which chromium-6 in drinking water becomes a public health hazard. In September 2010, the EPA launched a reassessment of chromium-6 when it released a draft human health assessment that proposes classifying chromium-6 as a likely carcinogenic to humans who ingest it. The EPA expects to complete the health-risk assessment and make a final determination about the cancer-causing potential of chromium-6 through ingestion in 2011  and will use the results to determine whether a new safety standard is needed. As of December 2010, the EPA has not established a safety standard for chromium-6 in drinking water. Evidence of Adverse Health Effects From Chromium-6 in Tap Water There is very little evidence of chromium-6 in drinking water causing cancer or other adverse health effects in humans. Only a few animal studies have found a possible connection between chromium-6 in drinking water and cancer, and only when the laboratory animals were fed levels of chromium-6 that were hundreds of times greater than the current safety standards for human exposure. Concerning those studies, the National Toxicology Program has said that chromium-6 in drinking water shows clear evidence of carcinogenic activity† in laboratory animals and increases the risk of gastrointestinal tumors. The California Chromium-6 Lawsuit The most compelling case for human health problems caused by chromium-6 in drinking water is the lawsuit that inspired the film, Erin Brockovich, starring Julia Roberts. The lawsuit alleged that Pacific Gas Electric (PGE) had contaminated groundwater with chromium-6 in the California town of Hinkley, leading to a high number of cancer cases. PGE operates a compressor station for natural gas pipelines at Hinkley, and chromium-6 was used in cooling towers at the site to prevent corrosion. Wastewater from the cooling towers, containing chromium-6, was discharged into unlined ponds and seeped into the groundwater and contaminated the towns drinking water. Although there was some question whether the number of cancer cases in Hinkley was higher than normal, and how much of a danger the chromium-6 actually posed, the case was settled in 1996 for $333 million—the largest settlement ever paid in a direct-action lawsuit in U.S. history. PGE later paid nearly as much to settle additional chromium-6-related claims in other California communities.

Media And Its Effect On Society Essay - 1892 Words

To what extent do you agree that entertainment media have had a positive effect on society? Name Institution An evaluation of the last half decade shows that media and its influence on communities and society at large has expanded significantly with advancement of technology. It is apparent that in the world today, media has an influential role in the daily life of an individual. From the time that a person wakes up to the time they go to bed, they are surrounded in a world that has been developed by media. Initially there was the telegraph and the post offices, this was followed by radio, television, newspapers, magazines and now the most widely used the internet. It is important to have the basic understanding of the role of media in society at an individual level and from a holistic point of view. The activities that we engage in on a daily basis are to a great extent dependent on information that is provided to all of us, and the means that is used to communicate the information from entertainment to hard or soft news, to healthcare to travelling, in addition to others. From a general point of view, mass media is considered to have three fundamental functions: providing news and information, entertainment and education. The world that we live in today is at time referred to as information age based on news and information that is relayed to the masses. There are a number of reasons as to why news and information are of importance to people; they can beShow MoreRelatedMedia And Its Effects On Society976 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society if one were to walk down a populated sidewalk, it would seem merely impossible to spot a sole not twiddling away on their phone. With an entire world unfolding at their fingertips, we witness a society that has become addicted to media. Used as a powerful source of knowledge and entertainment, media plays an enormous role in the development of human life and gender distinction. Through the use of media, guidelines consisting of generated ideas and ways of living, affect both menRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On The Society957 Words   |  4 Pageshis loyalty (Vaughn, 2013). The media emphasizes that the rising intensity of the rivalry is the main factor that is resulting in the increase of gang activities, but the lack of questioning by the media on the possible causal factors that lead to the crime limits the understanding of the motives. The media misplaces confidence in the judgments of the SPD, by only questioning for details of the specific shooting and not the factors that may have caused it. The media simply accepting the SPD s claimRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1709 Words   |  7 PagesViolence is much more socially acceptable in today’s society than it was hundreds of years ago, which is mostly caused by technological advances. As technology expanded, so did our generation’s tendency for violence. With all the breakthroughs in social interaction using technology, the media has become a large contributor to society. Coinciding with the first amendment to free speech, the media is a very valuable and powerful tool in spreading information when used for important purposes. HoweverRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1236 Words   |  5 Pageswithout the average American engaging in some form of technology laced with advertisements, whether it be a minute long video prefacing a Yout ube video or a thirty second long Pandora audio commercial. A common theme emerges throughout these forms of media, the subordination of women. TV shows, video games, movies, and songs frequently portray women as objects, dehumanizing them by showing them as being subservient to men, or showing them as adhering to stereotypical behavior. On one hand, some argueRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe media plays a huge role in molding the public mind. The public has a collective thought process of the world and the media is always there to shape up that perception of the world. The Running Man takes place in a dystopian future where the masses are fully controlled by the Government and people are oblivious to their surroundings like a herd of sheep, steered any way the Network desires. The media is the largest outlet for propaganda and there are no competitors to the Network for they haveRead MoreMedia and Its Effects on Society1437 Words   |  6 PagesMedia and its Effects on Society Media plays a crucial role in our life nowadays. It serves as a bridge that connects people to the world, leading to a global exchange of information and knowledge. Media also offers platform for people to voice their thoughts on political and social issues, providing room for different perspectives. Unquestionably, media affects our life in nearly every ways. With a turn of a magazine page, a tune on a radio, or a flip of a TV channel, media somewhat plays a partRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1622 Words   |  7 Pageslife, or in people society, such as politicians or well-known actresses. Though they re still icons of our day, many people in our technological and media influenced days look toward television, film, books and other forms of arts. However, representation is not always fair nor is it proper when it comes to certain groups of human society. Many people who struggle with discrimination in their daily life, struggle with finding proper and real representatio n in our mainstream media. Minority representationRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1812 Words   |  8 Pagesthe use of technology has increased, and expanded. Mass media plays a vital role in society. Mass media can be defined as any means of communication, to an extremely large group of people. Technological advancements have been extremely beneficial for prior generations, the generation we now live in, and will be for the future generations to come. Such as, providing news for the world to hear, entertainment, and much more. Some examples of media would be television, films, newspapers, and the InternetRead MoreEffects Of The Media On Society2469 Words   |  10 PagesChapter 3: Effects of the Media Though war contributed to changes in society, the media was the driving factor behind changes including the fixation with beauty among women. Magazines had the ability to perpetuate the already emerging ideals. The idea of self-improvement became a very popular topic in the 1920s seen across all women’s magazines, contributing to the progression from the middle class women to the New Woman. This â€Å"New Woman† was one of beauty and fun with â€Å"admiration and lastingRead MoreMedia And Its Effect On Society2385 Words   |  10 PagesName: Title: Institution: Abstract Different theories have been utilized to dissect the media and its effect on the general public. The ascent of the m Media business in the twentieth century gave a formal method for correspondence that was open to practically everybody in a society. Early scholars came to see media as being in charge of publicizing and dispersing the changes, turmoil, and discontent which embodied the period. They rebuked the mass communications for offering assurance and propagating

Mental Illness Within The United States - 984 Words

Mental illness is an issue that impacts all prison systems throughout the United States. The wellbeing of inmates is a long debated issue. There is much improvement that can be done in the prison systems to help rehabilitate and treat inmates while they are incarcerated to better prepare them for a successful reintegration into society. An examination of the current rehabilitation and treatment programs for inmates diagnosed with psychological illness will assist in identifying failures in within the program. Proper implementation of these services can improve an inmate’s chance of successfully reintegrating into society after incarceration and ultimately lower the cost of running a government funded prison. This essay will cover the prominence of mental illness in prison, drug treatment programs that are used to address mental illness in the prison system, continue assistance or continuation of programs for released inmates, the opportunities that exist for rehabilitation, and a proposal for a rehabilitation program. The purpose of the research is aimed at improving the circumstances of the inmates to receive assistance while incarcerated that they may not receive while free. An Examination of the Implementation of Treatment and Rehabilitation Programs in Federal Prison Introduction Recognizing the benefits of a rehabilitation and treatment program that includes active and hands of treatment for inmates can be financially beneficial in the long term for the prisonShow MoreRelatedVeteran Mental Illness and System Justification Theory1461 Words   |  6 PagesVeteran Mental Illness and System Justification Theory Rates of mental illness are rising among Veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. This social problem has had significant consequences, such as spikes in homelessness, unemployment and suicides in this population. Many argue there are too many barriers to mental health treatment in a society that stigmatizes mental illness and undervalues mental health care. Research supports this assertion, particularly within the Veteran population (Greene-ShortridgeRead MoreVulnerable Populations - Human Services1683 Words   |  7 Pageslife to manage the illness. Examples of such illnesses are diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease. When discussing chronic mental illness, such diseases or disorders would be those that require ongoing treatment and care throughout much of the patients’ life. Examples would be schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, chronic anxiety disorder or attention deficit hyperactive disorder as well as many other specific forms of mental illness. Individu als suffering from chronic mental illnesses are partRead MoreThe Effects Of Crime And Mental Illness1245 Words   |  5 PagesTypically, mental conditions affect the cognitive and emotional aspects of a person. Thus, people with mental illness face a high risk of engaging in criminalized behaviors. Many pieces of research show that the US has the largest number of its citizens in prison with severe mental illness. This essay will analyze how crime and mental illness is a crisis in America that has fundamentally been avoided over the years that have seen the decline in institutions that were previously designed to help thisRead MoreThe Importance Of Time To Change902 Words   |  4 PagesChange has been successful in creating a movement and campaign against mental health stigma in England. Their national surveys show an overall attitude trend between 2008 and 2016 was positive with a 9.6% change, which is an estimated 4.1 million people with improved attitudes towards mental. They have also seen a positive trend in peoples willingness to live with, work with and continue a relationship with someone with mental health problems improved by 11% (Time to Change). These statistics showRead MoreThe Effects Of Poverty On The Development Of Emotional Problems Essay1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe correlation between poverty and mental illness has been shown through numerous studies dating back to the 1930s, but the nature of the relationship is complex and not fully understood (Kuruvill, et. al., 2007). The mentally ill are at an increased risk of becoming and staying poor; conversely, the impoverished are at a greater risk of becoming mentally ill. In fact, the poor are twice as likely to have a common mental disorder (WHO, n.d.). This paper will consider the effects of poverty on theRead MoreThe Eugenics Of The United States760 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame popular in the United States but not in the United Kingdom. Supporter of eugenics in England were mostly focused on people with mental illness and mental disorders. Though there were many supporters of eugenics, the idea did not catch on. One of the reasons being the European connection with the Nazis and their system of eugenics on people with mental illness in addition to people of other races and religions. The Idea of eugenics became popular and moved forward in the United Sates during theRead MoreLack Of Treatment For Mental Illness1523 Words   |  7 PagesStatement: The World Health Association defines ‘good’ health as: â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† However, in the United States, access to care and funding for mental health care are grossly neglected and underfunded in comparison to other aspects of health care. At the individual level, lack of proper treatment for poor mental health and mental illness has a detrimental effect. 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Article Review for Deep water Horizon Oil Spill - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theArticle Review for Deep water Horizon Oil Spill. Answer: Introduction This report contains a case study on the Deep water Horizon Oil Spill. In this article, a deep study has been made on Deep water Horizon Oil Spill case and how BP responded to cover up all the losses which aroused due to its spill cases. Politician in gulf countries are already more inclined towards developing safety mechanism for general public. It is observed that BP had come up with various safety mechanisms after its Deep water Horizon Oil Spill. After evaluating the financial statement of BP, it is analyzed that company has been facing several losses in its business functioning due to its spill oil (Barnett 2007). It is observed that BP has to make changes in its value chain activities by adopting eco friendly mechanism instead of establishment of eco friendly system. After evaluating the whole case, it is analyzed that company had not paid penalty and charges amount imposed on its by the gulf country government. However, losses arouse from these oil spill is also not measurable which could be compensated by BP by paying penalties and fines. If BP wants to make growth in its business then it should establish various eco system and changes in its value chain activities for the betterment of the society (Redmond and Valentine, 2012). Moreover, Politician in gulf countries is also coming up with various eco friendly business policies and frameworks. In addition to this, as per the interest theory government of gulf countries had ready to lower down the imposed penalties in determined approach. BP has used these losses in its financial statement for reducing its tax amount and losses from its business functioning (White, et al, 2012). Points of Discussion The main point of discussion which have been taken in this research program is related to all the liabilities and penalties imposed on BP. In this case it is given that BP had installed several support systems to increase its business sustainability. My view point is that BP had made investment to install various eco support systems but these all are less efficient. It is analyzed that Deep Water Horizon Oil spill occurred due to less effective eco system implemented by BP in area where it was working. In addition to this, Deep Water Horizon Oil spill has not only affected its own business but also put negative impact on the people who are living their lives in the affected areas. This Deep Water Horizon Oil spill case has given clear bifurcation on all the penalties and other associated acts of BP in effective manner. This case is analyzed to identify that BP had failed to make proper level disclosure of information on its eco system services and other eco supporting system. These d isclose the proper information on eco-system services and other environmental support system. However, BP had faced several negative impacts from this disaster. It had faced $ 1107 million loss in its business functioning due to this Deep water Horizon oil spill. Apart from that, BP promised to make contribution of $ 500 million in its research and development department. The BP group had also committed to provide fund $ 360 million to six Berms in Louisiana Island Project. However, the main discussion point in this Deep Water Horizon Oil spill case is related with the business policies of BP to charge these all amount from its profit and loss account (King, et al. 2015). these reveal that BP had failed to follow complete level of accounting and financial requirements while preparing its financial statements. The escrow account opened by Bp to discharge its legal liabilities also does not contain full legal penalty amount. It had deposited only penalties amount which is certain and uncertain liabilities which are yet to be proven had not been considered. It had also resulted into business destruction of BP. It would cost around USD 12 to 47 billion. Afterward, the main discussion point could be made on the transparency of financial statement of BP. It had also not proper level of discourse to its stakeholders. BP had destruct its brand image due to its less efficient reporting frameworks in gulf countries. In the end, it would be inferred that if company want to establish its brand image again then it needs to establish an effective eco system and reporting standards in determined approach (Bodle, et al. 2016). Reflection on the Case of BP In Deep Water Horizon Oil spill case, it is given that BP had to face several legal penalties and charges due to its oil spill. Apart from that, BP had also charged all of its penalties and charges as revenue expenses which is not correct as per the international financial reporting standard. BP had charged all of its expenses as revenue expense which reduced all of its tax payment. BP should have not charged these losses from its profit and loss account but could have deducted these losses on gradual basis by appropriating these losses from the profit and loss account. Moreover, BP had also failed to make complete level of disclosure in its financial statement which had also decreased its brand image in stakeholders mind. BP in 2009 had profit of $ 6947 million which decreased by very drastic rate and resulted into loss of $ 1107 million. Apart from that, BP promised to make contribution of $ 500 million in its research and development department. The BP group had invested its funds of $ 360 million to six Berms in Louisiana Island Project. there is need to establish effective level of financial and accounting frameworks in determined approach (Gutierrez, et al. 2013). The main argument in this case is related with how BP had made disclosure of its financial and non financial information in its annual report to its stakeholders. In addition to this, accounting policies for charging loss of Deep water Oil spill had also been charged as revenue loss from the profit and loss account of company with a view to save tax and other burdens. However, BP had also set off these losses to reduce the profit of other unites as well. If BP wanted to increase its business sustainability then it should have made effective level of transparency for its non financial and financial transactions in determined approach. Conclusion This report is prepared to describe all the factors which were considered against the reporting frameworks and other eco system established by BP in response to Deep water Horizon oil Spill. Moreover, there are several shortcomings which have been disclosed in this report. BP had made several efforts to overcome all the associated problems of oil spill in gulf countries. Now in the end, it would be inferred that accountant and financial managers had not followed proper accounting and financial reporting frameworks which have resulted into non disclosure of true and fair view of financial statement of organization. Moreover, Deep water Horizon Oil spill had grasped attentions of government and regulatory authority of gulf countries which have resulted into strengthen ecological and sociological policies and increase the transparency in discloser of financial and accounting details to its stakeholders (Liu, et al. 2016). BP had made efforts to establish eco system and various social pr otection program but BP instead of establishment of these programs should indulged in avoiding these types of business practice which affect the people lives and areas where people lives. References Bodle, K.A., Bodle, K.A., Cybinski, P.J., Cybinski, P.J., Monem, R. and Monem, R., 2016. Effect of IFRS adoption on financial reporting quality: Evidence from bankruptcy prediction.Accounting Research Journal,29(3), pp.292-312. Boyd, J., 2010. Lost ecosystem goods and services as a measure of marine oil pollution damages. Resources for the Future DP 10-31, 25p Gutierrez, T., Singleton, D.R., Berry, D., Yang, T., Aitken, M.D. and Teske, A., 2013. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria enriched by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill identified by cultivation and DNA-SIP. The ISME journal, 7(11), p.2091. King, G.M., Kostka, J.E., Hazen, T.C. and Sobecky, P.A., 2015. Microbial responses to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: from coastal wetlands to the deep sea. Annual review of marine science, 7, pp.377-401. Liu, Z., Liu, J., Gardner, W.S., Shank, G.C. and Ostrom, N.E., 2016. The impact of Deepwater Horizon oil spill on petroleum hydrocarbons in surface waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 129, pp.292-300. Zhuang, Z., 2016. Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.289-294.

The Marijuana Industry and Its Benefits

Introduction There is a raging controversy on whether marijuana should be legalized or not. Marijuana is as drug made from the hemp plant. In the past, this substance has been used for various uses including medical purposes as well as in the manufacture of ropes and fabrics. Today, many people use this drug to relieve the suffering caused by several ailments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Marijuana Industry and Its Benefits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, marijuana is banned in the United States. Some states in the United States have legalized the drug for medical purposes, but in most states, its possession, consumption, cultivation or sale is illegal. There are laws banning the use of the drug and many people have been arrested for using it. Most people who push for the illegalization of marijuana have no valid reasons but see the drug as a threat to their interests. They know that the marijuan a industry will bring stiff competition to their products and therefore make them incur losses or even go out of business. Marijuana has very many benefits and if legalized, can help boost the economic growth and relieve people from a lot of suffering caused by ailments. Therefore, marijuana should be legalized. Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana should be legalized because it has numerous benefits. One of the major benefits of this substance can be found in the medical profession. If safely used, marijuana can help in the management and treatment of very many ailments. Firstly, it is one of the best substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes. It is also used by cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy to get rid of nausea and relieve pain. Marijuana use also slows down the growth of cancerous tumors in the brain, lungs, and breasts; thus, it is valuable in the management of cancer. It is also helpful in the treatment of glaucoma as it reduces eye pressure. Patients suffering from AIDs and Multiple Sclerosis have also found marijuana useful in relieving them from pain. This drug is also used in the management and treatment of seizure patients since it is a muscle relaxant. Moreover, it is used in the treatment of ailments like Migraines, Alzheimer’s, premenstrual syndrome, and other chronic diseases (Gieringer, Rosenthal, and Carter 101). Marijuana should therefore be legalized since its medical value can be used to advance the medical profession and provide better and more affordable pain relievers and cure to scores of people with various illnesses. The governments could also earn a lot in taxes from the sale of marijuana if it was legalized. The hemp plant could be grown on large scale and earn the country a lot of income.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The advantage of the hemp plant is that it has multiple purposes. Many pr oducts can be extracted from marijuana, for instance, its seeds contain oil that can be used to make fuel, paint, lubricating oils, salad oils, butter, cheese, ice cream, soap and cosmetics, to mention but a few . The hemp fiber from marijuana is also very strong and can be used to make quality clothes, ropes, and paper. Wood can also be substituted by hemp fiber products as a building material since it is stronger and ensures the reduction of building costs and less destruction of trees. Therefore, by legalizing marijuana, the government could earn a lot of money from the marijuana industry and this industry would create numerous job opportunities for the citizens. This would lead to advancement in economic growth and better living standards for the citizens (Rosenthal, Kubby, and Newhart 105). Marijuana is also useful in the textile and paper industries. Marijuana can be used in the textile industry as a substitute for cotton because it produces much more fiber and requires less p esticide use. The use of this substance in paper manufacturing industries would help to save trees because they are the main raw material in paper manufacture. Marijuana is capable of producing a large amount of paper. According to the U.S. department of Agriculture, an acre of marijuana and that of trees are incomparable in the amount of paper they produce because marijuana produces four times as much. The paper manufactured from hemp is of a higher quality and does not yellow with age as the one made from trees. Therefore, legalizing of marijuana would boost the paper industry and also lead to the preservation of trees. Many trees are felled every day in order to sustain the paper industry. This leads to the degradation of the environment. Substitution of trees with hemp fiber as a raw material for the manufacture of paper can go a long way in preserving the environment. Marijuana can grow anywhere and it matures much faster than trees. Marijuana matures after just four months whi le trees take many years to mature. It is therefore an economic option for the growth and expansion of the paper industry. Therefore, if legalized marijuana can be a perfect substitute for trees and can lead to both advanced economic growth and preservation of the environment (Yurchey par 10). Legalizing marijuana can also have legal benefits in that the prison space occupied by marijuana users can be freed to accommodate more deserving criminals like rapists, murderers, and armed robbers. In addition, the courts would have fewer cases to resolve as people would no longer be charged for selling or consuming marijuana. Another benefit is that the law enforcement agencies would use the resources that they had originally allocated to track down consumers and sellers of marijuana to investigate and deal with more dangerous crimes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Marijuana Industry and Its Benefits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Legalization of the drug would also lead to reduced crime rates as the drug will be available and therefore there would be no crimes like drug contamination, drug warfare, among others. Legalization of marijuana will also lead to reduced abuse of the drug since the illegality of the drug makes it more tempting to use (Rosenthal, Kubby, and Newhart 85). Opponents of the legalization of marijuana claim that legalizing the drug will lead to an increase in crime rates and encourage the users to start using other more harmful drugs. However, marijuana is not as dangerous as alcohol or cigarettes, yet these two are legal in the United States. Use of this drug has not led to any deaths and it is not as addictive as tobacco and alcohol. Legalizing the drug cannot lead to an increase in crime rates as there are lower crime rates in places like Amsterdam where it is legal than where it is illegal. Most of the opponents of the legalization of marijuana are the manufacturers of other drugs like tobacco and alcohol who see the legalization of marijuana as a threat to their businesses. Therefore, they deny the country of a lot of income to protect their selfish interests. According to the national Toxicological Program, there is no evidence that the use of marijuana can cause cancer (Rosenthal, Kubby, and Newhart 43). Conclusion From the above discussion, it is clear that the debate about whether marijuana should be legalized or not sparks a lot of controversy. Proponents of the legalization of the drug feel that the drug has very many benefits. Marijuana can be used to manufacture many products that can boost the economy by providing better and cheaper substitutes to many products that we are using today. A lot of employment opportunities can also be created with the legalization of marijuana. The medicinal value of marijuana is also insurmountable as the drug is used to relieve all kinds of pain and help in the management and treatment of many chronic d iseases. Hemp fiber is also a valuable raw material in the textile and paper industries. The opponents of the legalization of marijuana feel that legalizing the drug can lead to increase in crime rates and increase in the use of other dangerous drugs. However, these claims are not valid as marijuana is not as harmful as they claim. Other drugs, which are legal like tobacco and alcohol, have more harmful effects as they can cause cancer, death, and are very addictive. On the other hand, there is no record showing that anyone has died from marijuana use. In addition, marijuana does not cause cancer but is used in the treatment and management of the disease. Therefore, marijuana should be legalized in order to exploit its numerous benefits and since it has no adverse effects on its users. Works Cited Gieringer, Dale, Rosenthal, Ed, and Carter Gregory. Marijuana Medical Handbook: Practical Guide to Therapeutic Uses of Marijuana. California: Ed Rosenthal, 2008. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rosenthal, Ed, Kubby, Steve, and Newhart Steve. Why marijuana should be legal. New York: Running Press, 2003. Print. Yurchey, Doug. â€Å"The Marijuana Conspiracy: The Real Reason why Hemp is illegal.† World-mysteries, 2002. Web. https://www.world-mysteries.com/ This essay on The Marijuana Industry and Its Benefits was written and submitted by user Elias Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Christianity in Medievel Times Essays

Christianity in Medievel Times Essays Christianity in Medievel Times Essay Christianity in Medievel Times Essay more true was the influence of the Catholic Church. The papacy was having more and more of an influence in olitical and military factors. To ensure that this political power would remain with the papacy, popes had to be seen as legitimate enforcers and rulers capable of taking command of armies and carry out acts of war. One important thing note is that when the Hundred Year started no kings were involved. It is also important to note that England won all the great battles, but it was France that ultimately won the war. Often popes used the so called theory of the Two Swords as an instrument against their enemies during the crusades. This theory connected both spiritual and emporal power propounded by Pope Gelasius I during the fifth century and in the twelfth century by Bernard of Clairvaux. Bernard believed that Gelasian decree meant that the temporal sword was wielded for the good of the Catholic Church and translated therefore in this way: Both swords, that is, the spiritual and the material, belong to the Church, however, the latter is to be drawn for the Church and the former by the Church. The Spiritual Sword should be drawn by the hand of the priest; the material sword by the hand of the knight, but clearly at the bidding of the priest and at the command of the emperor. Once again the influence of religious beliefs here was eminent in medieval times. Calls for crusading were prominent in the latter stages which gave Christian believers hope of attaining salvation with their personal efforts in the crusades. The cross became the official symbol of Christianity and therefore was used in leading the Christian crusaders into battle and also used by the priest and bishops to bless those going into battle. The impact that thoughts and ideas had on the Middle Ages is obvious. Spiritual and religious beliefs were dominant over physical force and oppression because eople kept there faith and believed in a higher authority. There were wars and power changed hands from the Pope to the King. Popes were not only seen as divine but also held on high and viewed as a force to be reckoned with in terms of military power and bargaining strategy. The marriage bond and the family unit were all controlled and examined by the church. These concepts and ancient philosophies have survived and been carried through the centuries. The Christian church has survived because of its ability to both control and adapt. It has adapted by ncorporating other rituals and traditions, especially those of pagan origin into its own as can clearly be seen in such holidays as Christmas and Easter. It control can also be seen its ability to bless and manipulate those in power. Christianity today has an ever growing following with over five hundred denominations and it main political and religious fgures are still seen as divine by most Christian believers. Bibliography Standard Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Confucious, last modified March 31 , 2013, accessed October 1, 2013, http://plato. stanford. du/entries/confucius/ Lansing, Carol nd Edward D. English, Editors. A Companion to the Medieval World Malden: Wiley- Blackwell Publishing Ltd. , 2009, Rist, Rebecca. The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245New York: contnuum Books, 2009 Norman Housley, Fighting for the Cross: Crusading to the Holy Land (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008, 53-55. Bernard of Clairvaux, De consideratione, PL 182, col s 776-7. See Bernard of Clairvaux Five Books on Consideration. Advice to the Pope, trans. J. D. Anderson and E. T. Kennan (Kalamazoo, MI. 197), Book 4, 3. 7. P. 118. Luke 6:31, Holy Bible

What was Wilmot proviso and why was it significant Essay

What was Wilmot proviso and why was it significant - Essay Example In spite of the opposition the bill was enacted and this led to some democrats pulling off from the party due to their disagreement. Through the Wilmot Proviso endorsement the Liberty party joined hands with President Martin and together they came up with A Free Soil party which was in support of the Wilmot Proviso bill. In the 1848 elections, the Wilmot Proviso’s terms were a definite challenge to proslavery groups; they were hence ignored by the Whig and Democratic parties but adopted by then Free-Soil party, which later became the Republican Party. They favored excluding slavery from new territories .It was through the bill that the currency was formed. The bill stated a provision of two million dollars ($2milllion) for the Mexican war. This led to the creation of the green paper which was used as a legal tender . For many years, arguments in support of and in opposition to slavery were debated in both churches and newspapers. The House of Representatives passed a rule threatening the discussion of slavery but this issue could no longer be avoided. Lawmakers in both the Senate and the House, the north and south, had to stand up and be

Pablo Picasso and Mark Rothko Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pablo Picasso and Mark Rothko - Essay Example The essay "Pablo Picasso and Mark Rothko" explores two famous artists, their main ideas and art practices. Pablo Picasso is the name that no art history can miss out when it records Modern Art. Mark Rothko is yet another name that appears in Modern Art, though a bit later than Pablo. This paper will look into the influences and ideas that shine through the art work of both Picasso and Rothko, give a quick overview of their art practice and look into the formal qualities of their art work. Pablo Picasso had become very popular in the art circle by 1910. His art period started around 1900 and lasted till his death. However, in his very young age, he created some of the significant paintings in Spanish art history. In 1896, his The First Communion portraying his sister gained acclaims. Similarly, Portrait of Aunt Pepa was painted when he was just fourteen years old. It was called as â€Å"one of the greatest in the whole history of Spanish painting† by Juan-Eduardo Cirloz. These paintings were realistic until they became tinged with symbolism after 1900. There were a series of landscapes rendered in unnatural mixture of violet with green which were mainly due to the influence of Rossetti, Edvard Munch and Lautrec. He was also greatly influenced by his love of Greco’s paintings that he found in the Madrid art galleries. He created numerous, nearly a thousand art works of a variety of genres: paintings, print works, sculptures and ceramics. His art life is divided into major periods based on his style.

Role Of Semantics In Communication English Language Essay

Role Of Semantics In Communication English Language Essay The word semantics means the study of meaning. It typically focuses on the relation between the signifers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for. Linguistic semantics is defined as the study of meanings that humans use language in expression. Other types of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.The word semantic itself denotes a range of ideas, from the fashionable to the highly technological. It is frequently used in ordinary language to denote a problem of understanding that comes down to word collection or connotation. This problem of understanding has been the subject matter of many formal investigations, over a long period of time, most especially in the field of formal semantics. In linguistics, it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols as used by agents or communities within particular situation and contexts. Within this observation, sounds, facial terminology, body language, phonemics ha ve semantic (significant) content, and each has several branches of study. For instance in written language, such things as paragraph structure and punctuation have semantic content; in other form of languages, there is other semantic content .As mentioned above. the official study of semantics intersects with many other fields of inquiry, including lexicology, syntax, pragmatics, etymology etc though semantics is a well-defined field in its own context, but is often with artificial properties. In language philosophy, semantics and reference are related fields. Further related fields include philology, communication, and semiotics. With the interrelationship between them the formal study of semantics is therefore multifarious in nature. Semantic is in contrast with syntax, the study of the combinatory of units of a language (with no reference to their meaning). In the scientific vocabulary semantics is also known as semasiology. Introduction One of the major reasons for agent abstraction importance in engineering purposes is that it allows necessary complication and disability of todays computer systems to be dealt with better than before. Also the most conventional perspective of agents that intelligent software components, acting on an erratic environment. The typical solution to this problem is to employ a black-box approach, e.g., describing the agent behavior solely by means of its inputs and outputs. Modeling agent behavior within MAS introduces taxing issues, since both the agent internal behavior and interactive behavior are concerned. This is the problem that is addressed by formal semantics of agent communication languages (ACL) (Kone, Shimazu, and Nakajima 2000).This relationship between an agent abstract structural design and the specification of ACL semantics can be highlighted by considering the case of current semantics for ACLs such as, FIPA ACL (FIPA 2000) and KQML (ARPA Knowledge Sharing Initiative 1993; Labrou and Finin1997a; Labrou and Finin 1997b), which relate agent communications to agent mental state (Sadek 1992). For instance, in FIPA ACL, each communicative act specification is equipped by a feasibility precondition (FP).that must hold for the sender, and a rational effect that the sender may suppose to occur on the receiver, even though such an effect is not actually mandatory for the receiver, so as to preserve its autonomy. Both these specification, as well as the actual message content, are given in terms of a quantified, multi-modal logic with modal operators for beliefs (B), desires (C), uncertain beliefs (U), and intentions (I), called Semantic Language (SL) (FIPA 2000), which has its root from the work on the BDI framework. Despite FIPA not mandating any actual architecture for agents, FIPA ACL Semantics perfectly assumes that the agent behavior can be interpreted in terms of a BDI-like architecture,1 which can be pictorially represented. The agent internal machinery should be clearly aware of any communicative act sent or received by the agent (Act). It should be noted that since rational effect are not obligatory for the agent, their logics are not conceptually part of the represented portion of the agent. Instead, details about rational eà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ects can be used by an agent internal machinery to assume the effect on the receiver of the acts it sends, whereas details about the feasibility preconditions can be used to infer the mental state of the sender. Decoupling Specification from Implementation Almost all the known semantics for ACLs are based on the concept of agent mental state, which may result in sending a communicative act, and how the reception of a communicative act may affect the receiver mental state or at least, which are the effects on the receiver that the sender may suppose to occur. In spite, these semantics do not mandate any specific architecture for agents, and are meant to be applicable in general fashion; they implicitly promote the concept of mental state as a notion in the specification of ACLs. This is likely to provide a good support for the cooperation of agents built over BDI frameworks. In fact, these specifications may drive the design of agent protocols (Bergenti, Botelho, Rimassa, and Somacher (2002), may help designing agent planners exploiting the notions of feasibility preconditions and rational effects to understand the effect to communications (Bergenti and Poggi 2001), may provide support to the verification of conformance of an agent implementation with respect to a specification, even though, at this time, this problem has yet to be faced (Wooldridge 1998).On the other hand, serious limits in the workability and applicability become apparent when the ACL specification has to support cooperation among agents built over different architectures. In practice, in those cases where the agent wraps a physical resource, a legacy system, an information system, and so on, it is unclear what is the benefit of supposing its behavior can be understood. Viroli and Omicini (2001).For instance, it is unclear how do feasibility preconditions apply in these cases, and what is the benefit of supposing that some rational effect may occur. Also, this kind of specification is useless to the end of designing the agent wrapper, and makes the problem of proving conformance even more complex. As far as an ACL is concern to help standardizing age nt cooperation, it is clear that the agent abstract architecture implicitly assumed by the ACL. Semantics should be as much abstract and implementation-decoupled as required in order to provide for a widely applicable specification tool. To this end, this easy consider the abstract architecture for agents derived from the ontology developed in Viroli, Moro, and Omicini (2001), which captures the very notion of observation in computer systems. By this framework, agents are represented as observable sources of information, providing their unique individual viewpoint over the world and making it available to other agents. Here the roles of semantic in communication could be explained succinctly by examine the following sequences of communication conversation with the use of semantic set. There are certain number of magnitude of semantic in term of space in this case is four: the normative positions of the speaker and hearer before and after the utterance. Therefore, if d = 4, the number of possible communicative acts is 22352! (Computation of this figure may not be necessary in this context). Consistency is to be anticipated in a domain in which, assumption that agents can observe a common scene and ground their utterances in it, is simply irrational .The focus of that consistency needs to be squarely upon how communication can be described, rather than up library of communication primitives. The aim is to provide agents with a system by which they can tune a language with great accuracy to the needs at hand, and the ability to do this outweighs the potential pitfalls of any particular language. Const ruction process, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) is thus well suited to domains in which agents might reasonably be expected not to suggest a huge number of different primitives. Primitives were to be submitted for consideration. This would bring down the complexity dramatically (it would no longer be necessary to work on the power set of the points in semantic space), but at the cost of requiringlonger sequences of primitives in from it is one of the advantages of the approach. To explain the function of SVM, three agents could be considered, each of them wishes to introduce communicative acts such as commands, permissive, and co missive acts into a shared communication language. Each act specifies (or partially specifies) transitions of the speaker and hearer acts are represented Lindahl (1997).Here with a set of transitions for the speaker and an equivalent set for the hearer. For instance, an act may state that, before the act, the speaker, i is permitted to remain passive toward the propositional content of the act and after the act, i is committed to remain passive. In other words, i is, before the act, in any of the Lindahl states 1, 2, or 4 and after the act in the state 6. Thus, the set of transitions for the speaker is: {(1, 6), (2, 6), (4, 6)}. For the hearer j, before the act, j is permitted to bring about p and after the act, j is committed to bring about p. In other words, j is, before the act in any of the states 1, 2, or 3 and after the act i n state 5. Thus, the set of transitions for the hearer is: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}. This particular communicative act results in the hearer being obliged to bring about p and the speaker being obliged to remain passive toward p: the hearer must bring about p and the speaker cannot interfere. The initial state of the semantic fixing between these three agents is that agents 1, 2, and3 are interested in the following sets of communicative acts being included in the language: Agent 1. This agent wishes to introduce two actions into the language. 1. a, A command that commits the hearer to bring about p such that the hearer is not a priori forbidden from doing so. Speaker: {} Hearer: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)} 1.b An act that commits the speaker to bring about p such that the agent is a priori forbidden from doing so. Speaker: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)} Hearer: {} Agent 2. This agent wishes to introduce two actions into the language. 2. a An act that permits the hearer to bring about p such that the agent is a priori committed to remain passive. Speaker: {} Hearer: {(6, 2)} 2.b An act that commits the hearer to remain passive toward p such that the agent is a priori permitted to doing so or remaining passive. Speaker: {} Hearer: {(2, 6)} Agent 3. This agent wishes to introduce two actions into the language: 3. a, A command that commits the hearer to bring about p and the speaker cannot Interfere. Speaker: {(1, 6), (2, 6), (4, 6)} Hearer: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)} 3. b A put-option act. Speaker: {(2, 6)} Hearer: {(6, 2)} SVM then proceeds in the following way: Round 0. Agent 1 broadcasts initiate (1, 2, and 3) (1-2-3 is the casting vote sequence). The language, L is initialized. Each communicative act specification refers to the changes in normative position of the agents that will take on the roles of speaker and hearer when the act is used during communication. This could be seen in this conversation between three agents Round 1. Agent 1 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.a); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.a); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (3.a). There is a tie. However, rather than using its casting vote to compel the inclusion of 1.a, agent 1 decides to endorse agent 3s suggestion. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (3.a), and so this act is included in L. Round 2. Agent 2 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.b); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.a); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (3.b). There is a, tie, and so the agent with the casting vote, agent 2, broadcasts suggestion (2.a). 2.a is included in L. Round 3. Agent 3 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.b);agent 2 broadcasts suggestion(2.b); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion(3.b). There is tie, Although 2.a and 2.b use the same transitions as 3.b, 3.b is being introduced for a different purpose-for the trading of options-and so agent 3 uses the casting vote to broadcast suggestion (3.b). 3.b is included in L. Round 4. Agent 1 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.b); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.b); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (null). There is a tie, and so agent 1 uses the casting vote and broadcasts suggestion(1.b). 1. b is Included in L. Round 5. Agent 2 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (null); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.b); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (null). 2.b has the only vote, and so this is included in L. Round 6. Agent 3 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (null); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (null); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (null). SVM terminates. L = {3.a, 2.a, 3.b, 1.b, 2.b}. Here, suppose that agent 2 is responsible for access to an information source. The two acts introduced by these agents, 2.a and 2.b, allow it to permit and forbid access. Although agent 3 is not in control of this information source.. Agent 2, the manager agent is interested in issuing commands and allowing agents to commit to activities, hence its interest in 1.a and 1.b. It does, however, accept the inclusion of 3.a rather than 1.a-it accepts that it should not interfere with agents to whom it has given commands. This simple example explains sorts of communicative actions that can be included in a common language and how the simple voting mechanism may be used to construct such a language. This language can be seen as a subset of a more complete language for managing the activities of agents within an organization. Indeed there all kinds of slight distinctions, but these distinctions have real operational value, which can be exploited by the agents themselves. Finally, the work of Steels and Kaplan (1999) tackles the problem of language acquisition by an axes .Thus focus on a specific semantic space, having axes of color and position. The individual primitives discussed have either specific values on one or more axes (red, blue and on the edge), or have ranges of values on one or more axes (toward the center, close to the left and toward the top). This easy advocated a new approach to agent communication languages. Rather than viewing the specification as an off-line, design-time process, it is clearer now that open multi-agent systems should be a dynamic, run-time process.. Thus, agents can use their knowledge of the dialog type, their communication objectives, and their social relationships with one another to tailor the communication language to their prevailing circumstances hence the role of semantic cannot be underrated in communication.

El Nino :: science

El Nino El Nino has been a reoccurring phenomenon for centuries. Man has only started to realize how much of the worlds weather is effected by it. The term El Nino refers to an irregular warming of the seas surface. During the last 40 years there have been 10 significant El Nino occurrences. Most affecting the coast of South America. Water temperatures increase along the coast as far as the Galapagos islands. Weak events will raise the water temperature 2 to 4 degrees Celsius and will have minor impact on fishing. However strong events such as the 1982-83 event will disrupt climate conditions around the world as well as local conditions. It has been linked to floods and droughts all over the world. Hurricanes and tropical storms are also altered in their numbers by El Nino. Therefore it would be very helpful for people if El Nino could be predicted and prepared for in some form. During a El Nino cycle there are many biological changes. Due to a depressed thermocline there is less photosynthetic activity resulting in a decrease in the primary life forms that form the beginning of the food chain. The warmer waters that are brought by these changing cycles hold less dissolved oxygen forcing fish to go deeper or venture elsewhere. Due to a lack of data during El Nino occurrences it is not fully known if fish populations are depleted solely due to exposure to El Nino. A decrease in their growth and reproductive success has been observed by many surveys in coastal waters. The link between climatic effects around the world and El Nino is now well established. It has taken many years of studying to understand how the pieces of the puzzle, from ocean currents to winds and heavy rains fit together. During the 1920s a scientist was on assignment in India trying to predict the Asian monsoons. As he sorted through his records he discovered a connection between barometer readings at stations on the eastern and western sides of the Pacific. He noticed that when pressure rises in the west it usually falls in the east and vice versa. He coined this term Southern Oscillation. When it is on its high index state pressure is high on the eastern side of the Pacific and low on the western side (figure 1). The east west pressure contrast drives easterly surface winds.

The Issues Of The Interpretations Of Competence Education Essay

There are assorted issues related to competency in CBA peculiarly those related to the readings and the appraisal of competency. Competence is doubtless an abstract construct which can non be straight observed ( Wilmut & A ; Macintosh, 1997 ) but which by and large can be inferred from ascertained public presentation ( Gonczi, 1994 ; Wood & A ; Power, 1987 ) . However, such illation may or may non supply accurate penetration into competency ( Wood & A ; Power, 1987 ) . The undermentioned subdivision will seek to analyze both the issues of the reading of the construct of competency and the appraisal of competency. The construct of competency is frequently socially constructed ( Evans, 2001 ) , taking on assorted definitions and readings ( Eraut et al. , 1998 ; Lizzio & A ; Wilson, 2004 ; Messick, 1984 ; Miller, 1990 ; Parry, 1996 ; Tillema et al. , 2000 ) in different contexts and is used to back up peculiar ideological places ( Evans, 2001 ) . The common impression of competency is that it consists of combination of cognition, accomplishments and attitudes that could be used to work out a job ( Baartman et al. , 2007 ) in appropriate occupation contexts ( Lizzio & A ; Wilson, 2004 ) . Taconis et Al. ( 2004 ) farther emphasis on this impression of competency as cognition, accomplishments and attitudes if addressed individually in CBA, is non sufficient for the coveted competent professional behavior. Harmonizing to Tillema et Al. ( 2000 ) , competencies which include professional accomplishments such as larning to larn, synergistic accomplishments, communicating accomplishments, information pr ocessing, problem-solving and brooding accomplishments are indispensable in the current information and cognition society. They farther emphasise the demand for scholars to be equipped with competencies that will assist them to be more employable in the competitory labor market. Chapter 3 has discussed in item the definitions and readings of competency in relation to employability as utilized in the survey. However, the research worker would wish to reflect on two of the three common attacks to construe the construct of competency in CBA ; the behaviorist and cognitive ( Hager, 1994 ; Norris, 1991 ; Gonczi, 1994 ; Wesselink et al. , 2003 ; Mulder et al. , 2007 ) . Subsequently, the research worker will research what it means to state a scholar is competent which doubtless involves looking at what the judgement is based on ; that is, the basic premises of the appraisal being made ( Pitmann et al. , 1999 ) . Deciding on what it is to be assessed is important in transporting out any assessment procedure ( Hager et al. , 1994 ) and as the name itself suggests, CBA involves the procedure of measuring competency. Hager et Al. ( 1994 ) point out that there are assorted ways to measure competency depending on how it is being conceived. In this survey, the appraisal of competency will be discussed in dealingss to the readings of competency. Figure 4.3 illustrates the development of the readings and appraisals of competency in CBA but merely competency in the behaviorist attack and the cognitive attack will be discussed in item while the generic attack will touched briefly.Appraisal ofCompetenceInterpretations of CompetenceSpecific Tasks ApproachBehaviourist ApproachGeneric Skills ApproachGeneric ApproachIntegrated ApproachCognitive ApproachFigure 4.3: The Development of the Interpretations and Assessments of Competence in CBA Adapted: ( Hager, 1993 ; Hyland, 1993 ; Wesselink et al. , 2003 ; Baartman et al. , 2007 )Competence in the Behaviourist ApproachIn the behaviorist attack, competency is characterised by the satisfactory completion of atomised undertakings ( Gonczi, 1994 ; Eraut, 1994 ) which could be observed from scholars ‘ behavior and public presentation ( Wesselink et al. , 2003 ) . Competence in its narrowest significance concerns with the ability to execute a scope of undertakings to preset criterions ( Evans, 2000 ) within an employment scene ( Fletcher, 1991 ; Evans, 2001 ) . Examples of this behavioristic attack could be seen in the early development of the NVQs ( National Vocational Qualifications ) and SVQs ( Scots Vocational Qualifications ) in the UK. Learners in this traditional competence-based instruction in the UK are considered competent when they are able to execute a series of undertakings ( Gonczi, 1994 ; Wesselink et al. , 2003 ) that meet the outlooks of a competent work er ( Ecclestone, 1996 ; Wesselink et Al, 2003 ) in a specified occupational country ( Hyland, 1993 ; FEU/PICKUP, 1987 ) . For illustration, when a brick-laying trainee performs a series of brick-laying undertakings such as cutting and determining bricks/blocks, doing mortar mixture, puting bricks/blocks in rows and taking extra howitzer harmonizing to an acceptable criterion of a professional brick-layer, he/she is so considered to be competent. However, this behavioristic attack to competency has received serious unfavorable judgments particularly for its minimum readings of the construct ( Evans, 2001 ) which are considered narrow, confusing and unequal ( Evans, 2001 ) . This attack is more concerned with public presentation results which involve discernible actions and behavior ( Barnett, 1994 ; Hyland, 1995 ; Wesselink et al. , 2003 ) instead than the learning procedure and experiences gained ( Hyland, 1995 ; Wesselink et al. , 2003 ) . In other words, developmental procedure is non perceived as competency ( Griffin 1995 ; Masters & A ; McCurry 1990 ) and accordingly, this reduces genuineness of existent life experience in any of the professions where action is frequently interlacing with idea, understanding and contemplation ( Barnett, 1994 ; Wesselink et al. , 2003 ) . As the behavioristic attack emphasises lower-level competencies and psychomotor competencies at the disbursal of higher order competencies ( Masters 199 3 ) , it diminishes the kernel of public presentation that is associated to a broader sense of competency ( Griffin & A ; Gillis, 2000 ) . Furthermore, the behavioristic attack does non research the connexions between the discrete, small-scale undertakings ( Gonczi, 1994 ; Wesselink et al. , 2003 ) and the transmutations of the undertakings ( Wesselink et al. , 2003 ) . These undertakings are alternatively broken down into competencies with excessively elaborate specifications or standards ( Griffin & A ; Gillis, 2000 ) which could impact CBA to lose its proposed predictability map of transferability ( Griffin 1995 ; Masters 1993 ) . Although the behavioristic attack has an destitute position of competency, it promotes simple recording and coverage of the appraisal of competency ( Griffin, 1995 ; Masters, 1993 ; Griffin & A ; Gillis, 2000 ) . By and large, appraisal of competency in the behaviorist attack consists of an assessor who is an active perceiver clicking off a purportedly unambiguous assessment checklist ( Jones, 1999 ) of the distinct undertakings performed by scholars in situ ( Griffin & A ; Gillis, 2000 ; Mulder, 2006 ) . Evidence of competency is gathered and based on direct observation of scholars ‘ behavior and public presentation ( Wesselink et al. , 2003 ; Mulder, 2006 ) . This attack is reckoned for its simpleness in developing assessors to finish signifiers dwelling of lists, without necessitating much of professional opinion to be made ( Griffin & A ; Gillis, 2000 ) . Succinctly, the chief features of the behaviorist attack to appraisal of competency are presentation, observation and ap praisal of behavior ( Mulder et al. , 2006 ) . Despite the apparently simple and straightforward attack, assessors sometimes do happen jobs with obscure appraisal standards that do non truly depict the competencies being assessed ( Jones, 1999 ) . Attempts to anchor appraisal in direct observation could besides be debatable as it is normally overloaded with values and subjectiveness ( Kemshall, 1993 ) on the portion of the assessors. Furthermore, this proficient attack to appraisal of competency has been criticised for its dehumanising effects it has on scholars ( Evans, 2001 ; Ashworth & A ; Saxton, 1990 ; Hyland, 1993 ) as it restricts the chance for them to be originative in larning results or competencies ( Ashworth & A ; Saxton, 1990 ) . The procedure of geting competencies in this attack does non underscore knowledge and societal acquisition ( Ramsay, 1993 ; Jones & A ; Moore, 1993 ; 1995 ) and therefore, scholars ‘ ability to get competencies in informal mundane life scenes is ignored or neglected ( Giddens, 1991 ) . In add-on, this attack reduces an business to a series of distinct discernible undertakings which do non stand for the business significantly ( Ashworth & A ; Saxton, 1990 ; Hager et al. , 1994 ) . As the attack concentrates on an single demonstrating competent public presentation ( Wolf, 1995 ) and emphasises on personal competencies, it leads to one being individualistic whilst lacking in the ability to work as a squad whereas squad work is indispensable in executing relevant facet of a occupation in the existent workplace ( Ashworth, 1992 ) . For illustration, a pipe fitter trainee working on a undertaking of put ining a lavation basin would entirely concentrate on run intoing all the predetermined standards statements or competence criterions of the undertaking in order to show competency whilst ignoring any communicating or team-working with other trainees. This is really much different from the existent life work state of affairs where a pipe fitter has to join forces with builders and linemans on a edifice site for any sort of plumbing work. Besides striping one from geting the ability to prosecute in teamwork, another reverse of this attack to appraisal is that it does non pay much attending to the theoretical cognition and apprehension ( Ashworth, 1992 ) . While measuring competent public presentation is critical, measuring cognition and apprehension is merely every bit of import as it is an indispensable facet of competency without which an appraisal is missing in credibleness or concept cogency ( Ashworth, 1992 ) . A valid appraisal method should be able to mensurate what it is supposed to mensurate which in this instance would be the relevant elements of competency ( Watson, 1994 ) . Both the public presentation and cognition are facets of competency that should be assessed and measured. Peoples who ‘understand ‘ are those who have clear mental representation of the state of affairs with which they are confronted and are able to cover with it creatively and imaginatively utilizing the acquired cognition which acts as an interpretative resource for them ( Ashworth, 1992 ) . Therefore, it is deficient to measure one ‘s competency merely by looking at the public presentation while disregarding the underlying facet of cognition and apprehension. It is unfortunate so, if such an assessment method should bring forth people who are like automatons in a mill ; they could execute a occupation or a undertaking expeditiously and efficaciously but they do non hold any apprehension of what they were making. Consequently, the readings and appraisal of competency have progressed from this narrow behaviorist attack to the generic attack ( Norris, 1991 ) . The generic attack considers competence the ownership of a series of general desirable properties of a practician ( Gonczi, 1994 ) or personal qualities such as cognition, accomplishments and critical thought abilities ( Mulder et al. , 2007 ) to work out jobs, analyse, communicate, and attitudes of appropriate sorts ( Hager et al. , 1994 ) . The appraisal of competency is normally compartmentalised ( Wolf, 1990 ; Gonczi, 1994 ) where the properties are normally assessed in isolation from existent work pattern ( Gonczi, 1994 ; Hager et al. , 1994 ; Evans, 2001 ; Mulder et al. , 2007 ) . These properties are no uncertainty extremely context dependant and to measure them out of context would be inappropriate ( Hager et al. , 1994 ) . Furthermore, the lucidity of competency statements in picking out the precise competency that relates to kno wledge and understanding remains unsure ( Hyland, 1993 ) . Therefore, this attack has besides been criticised for missing in grounds of the being of the generic competencies and its transferability of occupational accomplishments is still dubious ( Hyland, 1993 ; Gonczi, 1994 ; Mulder et al. , 2007 ) . As such, this attack is non suited for instruction ( Gonczi, 1994 ; Mulder et al. , 2007 ) and will non be discussed in deepness in this survey.4.4.2 Competence in the Cognitive ApproachCompetence in the cognitive attack has evolved from wholly concentrating on intelligence and rational abilities entirely to including public presentation that encompasses societal and emotional constituents ( Mulder et al. , 2006 ; Hodkinson & A ; Issit, 1995 ) . Traditionally, the definition of competency in this attack comprises the overall human intelligence in achieving cognition and apprehension, geting accomplishments and accomplishing good public presentation with appropriate values and attitude s ( Hodkinson & A ; Issit, 1995 ) . The more recent reading of competency in the cognitive attack consists of successful public presentation of realistic professional undertakings ( Gonczi et al. , 1990 ; Heywood et al. , 1992 ) in which cognition, accomplishments and attitudes are incorporated ( Hodkinson & A ; Issit, 1995 ; Mulder, 2000 ; Mulder et al. , 2007 ) within a context of general properties ( Gonczi, 1994 ; Hager et al. , 1994 ) ) . The competency development in the cognitive attack is associated with the societal constructivist attack where the accent is on the similarity between the competencies required for successful public presentation in society and collaborative competency development ( Mulder, 2007 ; Kerka, 1997 ) . In other words, the chief focal point is on the appraisal of cognition creative activity or building in the workplace which integrates personal qualities in societal context ( Mulder, 2007 ; Kerka, 1997 ; Billet, 1994 ) . This integrated and holistic a ttack to competence could be the manner to guarantee CBA still retains its alone characteristic of occupation-specific undertakings without being excessively atomistic about its acquisition and public presentation ( Wilmut & A ; Macintosh, 1997 ) as it has ever been criticized for. This attack is besides considered a powerful device to better content, bringing and appraisal of current course of study ( Hager, 1993 ) . Therefore, the appraisal of competency in the cognitive attack consists of appraisal of occupation-specific undertakings based on competence criterions which are incorporated with appraisal of generic competencies in occupation-specific contexts ( Gonczi, 1993 ) with an appropriate degree of holistic theory ( Hodkinson & A ; Issit, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Hodkinson & A ; Issit ( 1995 ) , there are two dimensions of holistic theory ; the first relates to the integrating of scholars ‘ cognition and apprehension, every bit good as values and accomplishments needed in an business while the 2nd involves the judgement made on the instruction and preparation procedure in developing scholars ‘ professional capablenesss. An illustration for the former dimension is the personal individuality of a trainee in geriatrics and geriatric services is decidedly really of import to the aged in a nursing place but it is hard to specify personal individuality into measureable units. Therefore , appraisal in such context demands to use the first dimension of holistic theory. The latter dimension of holistic theory is employed to determine scholars ‘ valuable experience of pattern during developing procedure is taken into history as such experience could develop scholars ‘ competencies ( Dall'Alba & A ; Sandberg, 1996 ) . Furthermore, it is deficient to concentrate merely on the concluding results or the public presentation related to criterions as assorted signifiers of ratings during the acquisition procedure could besides assist scholars develop competency ( Wesselink et Al, 2003 ) . For illustration, it is non merely the laid tiles which is the merchandise or concluding result that should be assessed but besides all the larning procedure that takes topographic point in carry throughing the undertaking such as the research, the design of the layout, the studies of the design and so forth should besides be assessed comprehensively through formative appraisal or even a portfolio. This integrated and holistic attack merely selects the cardinal undertakings that are cardinal to the pattern of a profession and later identifies the chief properties that are required for the competent public presentation and therefore, avoiding the job of legion undertakings ( Hager et al. , 1994 ) . Furthermore, these realistic professional undertakings provide sufficient and reliable acquisition experience that relates to the existent and future workplace environment. This will assist cut down the spread between the larning institute and the workplace. Competence is inferred from the public presentation of this manageable figure of undertakings ( Hager, 1993 ; Hager et al. , 1994 ) . This illation of competency makes appraisal of competency in this attack similar to other sorts of appraisal where its cogency and dependability could be increased utilizing available processs ( Hager et al. , 1994 ) . The appraisal of competency fundamentally involves assemblage of relevant grounds and following the proper processs to guarantee illations about competency are soundly based ( Hager et al. , 1994 ) . Though all the necessary stairss may hold been taken to guarantee the dependability of the appraisal of competency, the integrated attack still needs to trust on a professional judgement on whether a public presentation of a undertaking is considered competent or otherwise. This requires proper preparation on the appraisal procedures to enable the assessors to do rightful judgement on scholars ‘ public presentation. This is due to the fact that instructors who are the assessors have raised inquiries about what it means to state a pupil is competent ( Pitman et al. , 1999 ) . Another signifier of incorporate attack that is more contextual has been suggested by Watson ( 1994 ) where appraisal is based on samples of public presentation and grounds of competency is gathered from assessment events such as practical trials, exercisings and simulations. These practical trials are designed to mensurate the proficient or public presentation facets of competency while auxiliary grounds is collected from written and unwritten inquiries and multiple-choice trials ( NCVQ, 1991b, p. 22 ) to mensurate underpinning cognition and apprehension. Judgments about competency are based on the standards that have been set for each assessment event and pupils are assessed separately whenever they are ready and judged as ‘competent ‘ or ‘not competent ‘ ( Watson, 1994 ) . This attack is usually employed by formal colleges or off-job preparation scenes and frequently carried out on behalf of industry. For illustration, the appraisal conducted by the Box Hil l College of TAFE, Victoria for its Hairdressing Certificate programme is based on the observation of samples of occupation public presentation carried out on specially designed practical undertakings which include basic operations of hairdressing such as cutting, titling, beckoning, coloring and basin service. In add-on to these, theory trials to measure implicit in cognition are administered to supply auxiliary grounds where 80 % base on balls rate is required before a pupil is considered competent for a peculiar component ( Watson, 1994 ) . In order to determine the cogency of the appraisal method, appraisal Centres, may it be the colleges or schools, have to keep the quality and scope of installations at all times besides increasing the capacity to imitate existent workplace conditions and events. The extent to which these appraisal centres comply with the demands to guarantee the cogency of CBA has yet to be looked in deepness. This is because any invalid appraisal is a waste o f attempt, clip and money, and later it affects the quality of the scholars being trained. Therefore, the survey looked into the sufficiency of installations provided by the schools offering BID in adhering to the demands to develop scholars ‘ competency and employability. Research inquiry 4 ( RQ4 ) : What are the factors that influence pupils ‘ employability and are at that place any differences in the strength and form of the dealingss between these factors and the employability of pupils of different gender and race? , was hence developed to look into this peculiar affair. Another illustration of this integrated attack could be seen in the appraisal of accomplishments and abilities of the medical pupils and occupants utilizing â€Å" Miller ‘s Pyramid † shown in Figure 4.4 as a model of competency ( Miller, 1990 ) . Harmonizing to Miller ( 1990 ) , accomplishments and abilities demonstrated in the 2 top cells of the pyramid, reflect clinical world as they correspond to action or public presentation. He farther elaborates that when scholars have demonstrated competency in these higher spheres, they are implied to hold acquired the requirement cognition, or knows, and the ability to use that cognition, or knows how. For illustration, when a nurse trainee is able to depict the processs of how to pull blood sample from a patient utilizing the right equipment right and safely in an unwritten or structured written trial, indicates that he/she has acquired the basic clinical cognition and the procedural cognition of it ; showing competency in the sphere of shows how. However, it is merely when the trainee is able to transport out the process in existent life puting during existent patient attention that he/she will be considered to hold demonstrated competency in the highest sphere, does ( Miller, 1990 ) . The requirement cognition could be assessed utilizing multiple pick inquiries while the procedural cognition could be assessed in the signifier of a written undertaking or portfolio. The construct of competency in Miller ‘s Pyramid is similar to the readings of cognition and accomplishments incorporated in the construct of competency in the survey as discussed in Chapter 3. The 2 lower spheres of the pyramid correspond to declarative and procedural cognition while the 2 upper spheres relate to the specializer accomplishments.Department of energiesKnowsShows howKnows howFigure 4.4: Miller ‘s Pyramid Beginning: Miller, 1990 ; p. 654.5 The Execution of CBAThe execution of CBA has its history all the manner back in the sixtiess in the United States of America. Ever since it was foremost implemented in the instructor preparation colleges in the US, CBA has been adapted and implemented in assorted parts of the universe ; the UK, European states, Australia, New Zealand and other developing states including Malaysia. CBA has besides undergone series of advancement and betterments as discussed in old subdivisions of this chapter. The undermentioned subdivision discusses the chief characteristics of CBA in pattern in the UK, which were the primary theoretical accounts adapted from for the execution of CBA in Australia, New Zealand and Malaysia. The treatment farther elaborates the execution of CBA in Malaysia which was besides adapted and modified from the theoretical accounts used in the three states mentioned above to accommodate the Malaysian context.CBA in the UK – National Vo cational Qualifications ( NVQs )The CBA theoretical accounts used in the UK and in the USA are fundamentally similar in many ways including the motivation forces except for the institutional differences ( Wolf, 1995 ) . Competence-based recommendations have been translated into mandatory national appraisal programmes in the UK and it is this where the differences in the consistence and velocity prevarication ( Wolf, 1995 ) . CBA was seen to be the manner frontward in vocational instruction and preparation ( VET ) because it provides chances to the non-traditional scholars who are usually non qualified to be in the higher instruction ( as it is excessively academic, self-interested, elitist, and an hindrance ) to equal chance to acquisition ( Wolf, 1995 ; Ecclestone, 1996 ) , personal and professional development. Hence, many authorities organic structures have initiated the reformations to VET till the birth of National Vocational Qualifications ( NVQs ) and Scots Vocational Qualifi cations ( SVQs ) . The development of CBA has been associated to the development of NVQs in England and Wales, and SVQs in Scotland. Both the NVQs and the SVQs have the same competence-based features. Therefore, the treatment which follows will be chiefly on NVQs. Although GNVQs which offer an option to GCE A-levels in supplying scholars with general vocational readying for employment or farther instruction at different degrees are besides available and accredited by NCVQ, the focal point of this treatment is still on NVQs as they are more similar and relevant to the execution of CBA in secondary schools in Malaysia. The National Council for Vocational Qualifications ( NCVQ ) introduced NVQs, a more formal and overall structured non-academic post-16 instruction and preparation, in England and Wales in 1986 ( Wolf, 1995 ; Ecclestone, 1996 ) . The Employment Department so ( now the Department for Education and Employment ) set up and administered the criterions of competency which were developed by lead industry organic structures and they will be the footing for accreditation of NVQs awarded by the NCVQ ( Ecclestone, 1996 ; Debling, 1989 ) . These national criterions of competency across all occupational countries are set at different degrees from Level 1 all the the manner to Level 5 with increasing grade of troubles and complexnesss through the degrees ( Ecclestone, 1996 ; Wolf, 1995 ) . NVQs consist of big Numberss of faculties that can be delivered individually or combined into makings ( Wolf, 1995 ) which are offered in schools, colleges, universities and industries utilizing the prescribed c ompetency criterions ( Ecclestone, 1996, 1997 ; . The purpose of NVQs is to standardise vocational or job-related preparation and makings within all occupational countries provided by assorted organic structures under national makings model ( Ecclestone, 1996 ; QCA, 2006 ) . NVQs are now included in the National Credits and Qualifications Framework ( NCQF ) and this model is made known to the populace for them to set up and pull off their advancement in instruction or professional accomplishments ( QCA, 2006 ) . Figure 4.5 which is adapted from Ecclestone ( 1996, p.36 ) and Wolf ( 1995, p. ) summarises the procedure of appraisal and accreditation in NVQs. The criterions represent required competency in relevant occupational context where they are fundamentally based on a functional analysis of existent workplace functions ( Fletcher, 1991 ; Wolf, 1995 ; Ecclestone, 1996 ) whereby for each industry, there exists a individual identifiable theoretical account of what competent public presentation entails ( Wolf, 1995 ) . The key results which are related to the implicit in intents are derived from the functional analysis which are so turned into units and elements of competency. The construction of NVQ is modular or unit-based with each unit consists of groups of elements of competency and their associated public presentation standards which reflects a distinct activity or sub-area of competency within an occupational country ( Ecclestone, 1996 ; Fletcher, 1991 ; Wolf, 1995 ; Canning, 2000 ) . It is here in the component of competency that the public presentation standards appear to reflect the critical facets of public presentation such as the qualities which are indispensable to competent public presentation ( Ecclestone, 1996 ; Fletcher, 1991 ; Wolf, 1995 ) . An NVQ is defined as a statement of competency which incorporates specified criterions in executing a scope of work-related activities, the accomplishments, cognition and understanding which underpin such public presentation in employment ( Training Agency, 1988/9 ) . Therefore, each NVQ encompasses a peculiar country of work at a specific degree of accomplishment and fits into the NVQ model of five degrees with degrees 1 to 4 clearly defined while degree 5 screens anything beyond. Judgment on competency is so based on the grounds gathered straight or indirectly from assorted beginnings available ( Wolf, 1995 ; Ecclestone, 1996 ; Canning, 2000 ) . In order to guarantee the quality of NVQs, monitoring and moderaten ess are employed. Therefore come the internal confirmation and external confirmation into the assessment scene before any certification is awarded to scholars ( Ecclestone, 1996 ) .NVQ AwardFunctional analysis of an occupational countryUnit of measurements of competencyNVQ rubric ( including degree ) – Drumhead paragraph of country of competency demonstrated through roll uping Range and range of state of affairss where public presentation must be demonstrated Underpining cognition assessed by utilizing interrupt down into derived from Component of competency Performance standards Unit of measurement 1 Component of competency Component of competency Component of competency Component of competency Unit of measurement 2 etc Performance standards Performance standards Performance standards Performance standards Observation of workplace activity Observation of merchandises and artifacts, eg Reports, records Artifacts created by the scholar Testimony of others, eg supervisors, clients Simulations and function dramas Undertakings and work-based assignments Oral inquiries trials Competent/not yet competent Further coevals of grounds Further pattern and development of accomplishmentsElementss of competencyPerformance standardsEvidence of competency ;Indirect and DirectAppraisal of EvidenceInternal ConfirmationExternal ConfirmationCertificationFigure 4.5 ; Assessment and accreditation in NVQs Adapted from: Ecclestone, 1996, p. 36 ; Wolf, 1995, P. Highly specified public presentation standards make competence-based appraisal concrete as they comprise statements by which an assessor Judgess whether the grounds provided by a scholar is sufficient to show competent public presentation. These standards consist of a short sentence with two constituents – a critical result and an appraising statement of how the activity has resulted in the needed consequence ( Fletcher, 1991 ) . In add-on, the public presentation standards province expressed steps of results and they are made available to both the assessors and the scholars so that the scholars know what precisely to accomplish and the assessors in return can supply specific feedback. An illustration of an component of competency and its public presentation standard is as in Table 1 where scholars are required to run into every one of the standards successfully.Table 4. : Sample public presentation standards from an NVQ component.Fiscal Services ( Building Services ) – Degree 2. Element rubric: ‘Set up new client histories ‘ . Provided as an example in The Guide to National Vocational Qualifications ( NCVQ 1991, p. ) Internal/external paperss are complete, accurate and legible, and delivered to the following phase in the procedure to agenda All signatures/authorisations are obtained to agenda and actioned quickly Correspondence to client is accurate and complete, all necessary paperss enclosed, and despatched quickly Correspondence to other subdivisions of society and other organisations/professional bureaus is accurate and complete, all necessary paperss enclosed, and despatched Cash minutess and fiscal paperss are processed right and treated confidentially Computer inputs/outputs are accurate and complete On finishing the puting up, the history is filed in the correct location Indexs of contigencies/problems are referred to an appropriate authorization NVQs have succeeded in supplying chances to about everyone to develop relevant job-related accomplishments and promoting scholars to prosecute in independent and self-directing acquisition ( Canning, 2000 ) despite all the unfavorable judgments of being atomistic as discussed in subdivision 4.4.1. They farther emphasize the significance of recognizing larning at work ( Canning, 2000 ) as such work public presentation is an indispensable constituent of broad instruction ( Bridges, 1996 ) . Furthermore, a high grade of transparence within the assessment procedure is accomplishable through the criterion-referenced appraisal methodological analysis ( Canning, 2000 ) . Nevertheless, NVQs are dearly-won and clip consuming in pattern due to its elaborate and reductionist attack to assessment ( Raggart, 1994 ; Wolf, 1995 ; Eraut et al. , 1996 ) . It is besides found that gender occupational barriers is reinforced as adult females are making much better in academic makings than work forces ( Felstead et al. , 1995 ; p. 24 ) . Another reverse of NVQs is that the keeping and completion rates are lower than the academic makings ( OFSTED/Audit Commission, 1993 ) .